期刊
ELIFE
卷 10, 期 -, 页码 -出版社
eLIFE SCIENCES PUBL LTD
DOI: 10.7554/eLife.53824
关键词
coupled oscillator; wing coordination; Dipteran thorax; wing damage; haltere; Other; Black soldier fly; Hermetia illucens
类别
资金
- Air Force Office of Scientific Research [FA2386-11-1-4057, FA9550-16-1-0155]
- Human Frontier Science Program
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research
- Department of Science and Technology
The mechanics of Dipteran thorax relies on a network of exoskeletal linkages to ensure coordinated wing and haltere movements, despite being powered by independent muscles. This system allows for precise phase-coordination between wings and halteres at high frequencies, even in the event of severe wing damage.
The mechanics of Dipteran thorax is dictated by a network of exoskeletal linkages that, when deformed by the flight muscles, generate coordinated wing movements. In Diptera, the forewings power flight, whereas the hindwings have evolved into specialized structures called halteres, which provide rapid mechanosensory feedback for flight stabilization. Although actuated by independent muscles, wing and haltere motion is precisely phase-coordinated at high frequencies. Because wingbeat frequency is a product of wing-thorax resonance, any wear-and-tear of wings or thorax should impair flight ability. How robust is the Dipteran flight system against such perturbations? Here, we show that wings and halteres are independently driven, coupled oscillators. We systematically reduced the wing length in flies and observed how wing-haltere synchronization was affected. The wing-wing system is a strongly coupled oscillator, whereas the wing-haltere system is weakly coupled through mechanical linkages that synchronize phase and frequency. Wing-haltere link acts in a unidirectional manner; altering wingbeat frequency affects haltere frequency, but not vice versa. Exoskeletal linkages are thus key morphological features of the Dipteran thorax that ensure wing-haltere synchrony, despite severe wing damage.
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