4.5 Review

Pigments - Mercury-based red (cinnabar-vermilion) and white (calomel) and their degradation products

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Summary: Natural ochres, ranging in color from yellow to deep red and brown, have been widely used for decorative, artistic, and medicinal purposes since prehistoric times. This paper provides an overview of the range, composition, origin, properties, and potential processing of natural ochre pigments, as well as the production and processing of artificial ochres. It also discusses analytical techniques for ochres' identification and provenancing, along with guidelines for good practice, and offers insights on ochres' potential applications and limitations, including a discussion on ochres in the Greco-Roman world.

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Pigments-Lead-based whites, reds, yellows and oranges and their alteration phases

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Mortars and plasters-How mortars were made. The literary sources

Lynne C. Lancaster

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Not only wall paintings-pigments for cosmetics

Josefina Perez-Arantegui

Summary: This review mainly focuses on the characterization of inorganic pigments in ancient cosmetics, highlighting common components such as ochre, cinnabar, galena, and others. It also provides a brief good practice guide for the analytical study of pigments in archaeological cosmetic residues.

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Zuleika Murat

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Glass-based pigments in painting: smalt blue and lead-tin yellow type II

Giovanni Cavallo et al.

Summary: Glass-based pigments play an important role in artistic production, involving a combination of skills in areas such as glass technology, metallurgy, ceramics, and painting materials. This manuscript critically reviews the literature on blue smalt and yellow glass pigments, presenting historical backgrounds, analytical protocols, alteration processes, and case studies. Attention is given to the correlation between micro-textural features and decay processes affecting the studied pigments.

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Lucia Burgio

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Marta Caroselli et al.

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