Lignin-derivatives based polymers, blends and composites: A review

Lignin and lignin derivatives biopolymers have several properties, such as high thermal stability, antioxidant, biodegradability, antimicrobial actions, adhesive properties, etc., and thus they can be extensively used in wide range of areas. Although human history mostly depend on the biopolymers, however derivatives of lignin such as sulfonate, phenolic, organosolv, Kraft and sodium sulfonate lignin have good mechanical and physicochemical properties. Well-designed materials such as coatings and paints, manufacturing of plastics and resins, for rubber packaging, for fuel production etc., can be obtained by the functionalizations of chemically modified lignin. Considering multi purposes properties of the lignin and lignin derivatives and extensive industrial applications of derivatives, this review sheds a light on lignin derivatives based materials with their prospective applications. All the technical scientific issues have been addressed highlighting the recent advancement. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.