A MXene-Based Bionic Cascaded-Enzyme Nanoreactor for Tumor Phototherapy/Enzyme Dynamic Therapy and Hypoxia-Activated Chemotherapy

The enzyme-mediated elevation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) at the tumor sites has become an emerging strategy for regulating intracellular redox status for anticancer treatment. Herein, we proposed a camouflaged bionic cascaded-enzyme nanoreactor based on Ti3C2 nanosheets for combined tumor enzyme dynamic therapy (EDT), phototherapy and deoxygenation-activated chemotherapy. Briefly, glucose oxidase (GOX) and chloroperoxidase (CPO) were chemically conjugated onto Ti3C2 nanosheets, where the deoxygenation-activated drug tirapazamine (TPZ) was also loaded, and the Ti3C2-GOX-CPO/TPZ (TGCT) was embedded into nanosized cancer cell-derived membrane vesicles with high-expressed CD47 (m(e)TGCT). Due to biomimetic membrane camouflage and CD47 overexpression, m(e)TGCT exhibited superior immune escape and homologous targeting capacities, which could effectively enhance the tumor preferential targeting and internalization. Once internalized into tumor cells, the cascade reaction of GOX and CPO could generate HClO for efficient EDT. Simultaneously, additional laser irradiation could accelerate the enzymic-catalytic reaction rate and increase the generation of singlet oxygen (O-1(2)). Furthermore, local hypoxia environment with the oxygen depletion by EDT would activate deoxygenation-sensitive prodrug for additional chemotherapy. Consequently, m(e)TGCT exhibits amplified synergistic therapeutic effects of tumor phototherapy, EDT and chemotherapy for efficient tumor inhibition. This intelligent cascaded-enzyme nanoreactor provides a promising approach to achieve concurrent and significant antitumor therapy.

Automated summary

In this study, a camouflaged bionic cascaded-enzyme nanoreactor was designed for efficient tumor treatment through a series of enzymatic reactions, phototherapy, and deoxygenation-activated chemotherapy. The nanoreactor exhibited biomimetic membrane camouflage and CD47 overexpression, which enhanced tumor targeting and immune escape capabilities.