Source identification and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in air and dust samples of Lahore City

During two consecutive summer and winter seasons in Lahore, the health risk of air and dust-borne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was evaluated. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GS/MS) was used to determine air and dust samples from various functional areas across the city. The mean n-ary sumation (16)PAHs were higher in air 1035.8 +/- 310.7 (pg m(-3)) and dust 963.4 +/- 289.0 (ng g(-1) d.w.) during winter seasons as compared to summer seasons in air 1010.9 +/- 303.3 (pg m(-3)) and dust matrices 945.2 +/- 283.6 (ng g(-1) d.w.), respectively. PAHs ring profile recognized 3 and 4 rings PAHs as most dominant in air and dust samples. Estimated results of incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) highlighted high carcinogenic risk among the residents of Lahore via ingestion and dermal contact on exposure to atmospheric PAHs. The total ILCR values in air among children (summer: 9.61E - 02, winter: 2.09E - 02) and adults (summer: 1.45E - 01, winter: 3.14E - 02) and in dust, children (summer: 9.16E - 03, winter: 8.80E - 03) and adults (summer: 1.38E - 02, winter: 1.33E - 02) during the study period. The isomeric ratios in the study area revealed mixed PAH sources, including vehicular emission, petroleum, diesel and biomass combustion. As a result, it is advised that atmospheric PAHs should be monitored throughout the year and the ecologically friendly fuels be used to prevent PAHs pollution and health concerns in the city. The findings of this study are beneficial to the local regulating bodies in terms of controlling the exposure and promoting steps to reduce PAHs pollution and manage health in Lahore.

Automated summary

This study evaluated the health risk of air and dust-borne PAHs in Lahore during two consecutive summer and winter seasons. The results showed higher levels of PAHs in air and dust during winter seasons compared to summer seasons. The study highlighted the high carcinogenic risk among residents through exposure to atmospheric PAHs. The isomeric ratios suggested multiple sources of PAHs pollution. It is recommended to monitor atmospheric PAHs throughout the year and use environmentally friendly fuels to prevent pollution and health concerns.