A novel intelligent system based on adjustable classifier models for diagnosing heart sounds

A novel intelligent diagnostic system is proposed to diagnose heart sounds (HSs). The innovations of this system are primarily reflected in the automatic segmentation and extraction of the first complex sound (CS1) and second complex sound (CS2); the automatic extraction of the secondary envelope-based diagnostic features gamma(1), gamma(2), and gamma(3) from CS1 and CS2; and the adjustable classifier models that correspond to the confidence bounds of the Chi-square (chi(2)) distribution and are adjusted by the given confidence levels (denoted as beta). The three stages of the proposed system are summarized as follows.In stage 1, the short time modified Hilbert transform (STMHT)-based curve is used to segment and extract CS1 and CS2. In stage 2, the envelopes CS1FE and CS2FE for periods CS1 and CS2 are obtained via a novel method, and the frequency features are automatically extracted from CS1FE and CS2FE by setting different threshold value (Thv) lines. Finally, the first three principal components determined based on principal component analysis (PCA) are used as the diagnostic features. In stage 3, a Gaussian mixture model (GMM)-based component objective function f(et)(x) is generated. Then, the chi(2) distribution for component k is determined by calculating the Mahalanobis distance from x to the class mean mu(k) for component k, and the confidence region of component k is determined by adjusting the optimal confidence level beta(k) and used as the criterion to diagnose HSs. The performance evaluation was validated by sounds from online HS data bases and clinical heart databases. The accuracy of the proposed method was compared to the accuracies of other state-of-the-art methods, and the highest classification accuracies of 99.43%, 98.93%, 99.13%, 99.85%, 98.62%, 99.67 % and 99.91 % in the detection of MR, MS, ASD, NM, AS, AR and VSD sounds were achieved by setting beta(k) ( k = 1, 2, ..., 7) to 0.87,0.65,0.67,0.65,0.67,0.79 and 0.87, respectively.

Automated summary

A novel intelligent diagnostic system is proposed for diagnosing heart sounds by automatically segmenting and extracting the features of the heart sounds, and adjusting them based on confidence levels.