Higher Iron Intake Is Independently Associated with Obesity in Younger Japanese Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients

We aimed to analyze the association between dietary iron intake and obesity assessed by BMI after adjustment for nutrient intake (macronutrients and fiber) and food groups. The study design was cross-sectional. Patients with type-2 diabetes (n = 1567; 63.1% males; mean age 62.3 +/- 11.6 years) were included in the study. To assess diet, consumption of typical food groups was determined by a food frequency questionnaire. Obesity was defined as BMI >= 25 kg/m(2). We performed a binary regression analysis between quartiles of iron intake and obesity by quartiles of age group. A direct linear association was found for the highest quartile of iron intake and obesity in the younger age group of 30 to 54 years (OR = 3.641, 95% CI = 1.020-12.990; p trend = 0.011). Multivariate analysis using food groups as opposed to nutrients revealed a positive trend for obesity in the younger age group after adjusting for lifestyle factors, energy intake and bean and vegetable intake (p trend = 0.023). In all participants, an inverse association was observed before adjustment by vegetable intake (OR = 0.453, 95% CI = 0.300-0.684; p trend = 0.001). Higher iron intake was associated with obesity independent of macronutrient and fiber intake but only in the youngest quartile of age group examined.

Automated summary

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between dietary iron intake and obesity, assessed by BMI, after controlling for nutrient intake and food groups. The results showed that higher iron intake was positively associated with obesity in individuals aged 30 to 54 years. Furthermore, multivariate analysis using food groups as opposed to nutrients revealed a positive trend for obesity in the younger age group after adjustment for lifestyle factors, energy intake, and bean and vegetable intake. However, in all participants, an inverse association was observed between iron intake and obesity after adjusting for vegetable intake.