Evaluation of penile curvature in patients with hypospadias; gaps in the current practice and future perspectives

Background/Purpose Penile curvature (PC) is a significant phenotypic anomaly associated with hypospadias that can affect hypospadias repair post-operative outcomes and impact on long-term quality of life as well as psychosexual wellbeing of affected patients. While several previous studies have attempted to define PC assessment criteria, there is still no accurate, reproducible, and reliable tool for quantifying severity. Our goal was to review the pros and cons of the current tools utilized for assessing the degree of PC in children, stressing on both strengths and limitations of each method. Methods A wide and deliberate review of the literature discussing the assessment of PC in hypospadias patients was conducted. We also draw on relevant methods employed in adults with PC and Peyronie's disease where a greater breadth of studies has been conducted. Results The appraisal outcomes combined with our recommendations were presented in a structured approach discussing the pre-, intra-, and postoperative evaluation of PC in patients with hypospadias. Critical appraisal of the evaluation tools in terms of availability, cost, objectivity, and potential reproducibility was presented. Conclusion This review reflects on current tools used for assessing the degree of PC in children, highlighting both strengths and limitations of each method. A wide variety of approaches are currently being practiced or investigated, with each method displaying particular utility and reliability characteristics. Several approaches are currently being explored with high potential to overcome the current difficulties encountered when measuring PC both in clinical practice and research studies.

Automated summary

This article reviews the current tools used for assessing the degree of penile curvature (PC) in children and highlights the strengths and limitations of each method. Various approaches are currently being explored, with potential to overcome the difficulties encountered in clinical practice and research studies when measuring PC.