Deciphering the tRNA-derived small RNAs: origin, development, and future

Transfer RNA (tRNA)-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs), a novel category of small noncoding RNAs, are enzymatically cleaved from tRNAs. Previous reports have shed some light on the roles of tsRNAs in the development of human diseases. However, our knowledge about tsRNAs is still relatively lacking. In this paper, we review the biogenesis, classification, subcellular localization as well as action mechanism of tsRNAs, and discuss the association between chemical modifications of tRNAs and the production and functions of tsRNAs. Furthermore, using immunity, metabolism, and malignancy as examples, we summarize the molecular mechanisms of tsRNAs in diseases and evaluate the potential of tsRNAs as new biomarkers and therapeutic targets. At the same time, we compile and introduce several resource databases that are currently publicly available for analyzing tsRNAs. Finally, we discuss the challenges associated with research in this field and future directions.

Automated summary

This paper reviews the biogenesis, classification, subcellular localization, and action mechanism of tsRNAs, as well as the association between chemical modifications of tRNAs and the production and functions of tsRNAs. It further summarizes the molecular mechanisms of tsRNAs in diseases such as immunity, metabolism, and malignancy, and evaluates the potential of tsRNAs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Additionally, it introduces several resource databases for analyzing tsRNAs, and discusses the challenges and future directions in this field.