☆ 4.6 Review

The Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2 and Variants of Concern

VIRUSES-BASEL (2021)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19

Alessandro Sette et al.

Summary: The adaptive immune system, consisting of B cells, CD4(+) T cells, and CD8(+) T cells, plays varying roles in different viral infections and vaccines. Studies are showing that CD4(+) T cells, CD8(+) T cells, and neutralizing antibodies all play a part in controlling SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 cases, emphasizing the importance of understanding adaptive immunity in combating the disease.

CELL (2021)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Early transmissibility assessment of the N501Y mutant strains of SARS-CoV-2 in the United Kingdom, October to November 2020

Kathy Leung et al.

Summary: Two new lineages of SARS-CoV-2 with the N501Y mutation in the receptor-binding domain of the spike protein have spread rapidly in the United Kingdom. The 501Y lineage without amino acid deletion Delta 69/Delta 70 was estimated to be 10% more transmissible than the 501N lineage, while the 501Y lineage with amino acid deletion Delta 69/Delta 70 was estimated to be 75% more transmissible than the 501N lineage.

EUROSURVEILLANCE (2021)

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Editorial Material Immunology

B cell memory: understanding COVID-19

Isaak Quast et al.

Summary: Immunological memory is crucial for protecting against reinfection, with antibodies produced by B cells playing a key role in this defense mechanism. Understanding how B cell memory is generated, its efficacy, and persistence, particularly in response to SARS-CoV-2, is essential for achieving protective immunity through vaccination.

IMMUNITY (2021)

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Editorial Material Medicine, General & Internal

Genetic Variants of SARS-CoV-2-What Do They Mean?

Adam S. Lauring et al.

JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK

Merryn Voysey et al.

Summary: The ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine has been shown to have an acceptable safety profile and effectiveness against symptomatic COVID-19, with higher efficacy observed in the group that received a low dose followed by a standard dose.

LANCET (2021)

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Letter Infectious Diseases

First detection of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein N501 mutation in Italy in August, 2020

Simona Fiorentini et al.

LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Article Genetics & Heredity

Genetic Variation and Evolution of the 2019 Novel Coronavirus

Salvatore Dimonte et al.

Summary: This study indicated the genetic diversity and rapid evolution of SARS-CoV-2 as well as other human and animal coronaviruses, with abundant mutation rates in all four structural proteins, particularly in the spike receptor-binding domain (RBD). The conservation of certain amino acids important for receptor binding in human coronaviruses compared to significant mutations in animal coronaviruses suggests potential differences in host infectivity and selectivity among different viruses.

PUBLIC HEALTH GENOMICS (2021)

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Editorial Material Medicine, General & Internal

What we know about covid-19 reinfection so far

Chris Stokel-Walker

BMJ-BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL (2021)

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Article Cell Biology

Early induction of functional SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells associates with rapid viral clearance and mild disease in COVID-19 patients

Anthony T. Tan et al.

Summary: This study found that early induction of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) secreting SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells was present in patients with mild disease and accelerated viral clearance, while rapid induction and quantity of humoral responses were associated with an increase in disease severity. These findings highlight the importance of early functional SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in both vaccine design and immune monitoring.

CELL REPORTS (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Reduced neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 variant by convalescent and vaccine sera

Piyada Supasa et al.

Summary: Research on the UK-dominant variant B.1.1.7 shows that it is harder to neutralize than the parental virus, but widespread escape from antibodies or monoclonal antibodies has not been observed yet.

CELL (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Evidence of escape of SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.351 from natural and vaccine-induced sera

Daming Zhou et al.

Summary: The race to develop vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 variants, such as B.1.1.7, B.1.351, and P.1, is ongoing as these variants have mutations in the spike protein, potentially leading to immune escape. A structure-function analysis of B.1.351 revealed tighter ACE2 binding and widespread evasion from monoclonal antibody neutralization, particularly driven by the E484K mutation.

CELL (2021)

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Article Microbiology

Potent SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies directed against spike N-terminal domain target a single supersite

Gabriele Cerutti et al.

Summary: Structural analysis revealed that seven potent NTD-directed neutralizing antibodies target a common surface on NTD, forming a single supersite different from the recognition pattern of RBD-directed antibodies.

CELL HOST & MICROBE (2021)

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Letter Immunology

Are the emerging SARS-COV-2 mutations friend or foe?

Adnan Erol

IMMUNOLOGY LETTERS (2021)

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Editorial Material Medicine, General & Internal

SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines

C. Buddy Creech et al.

JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (2021)

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Article Immunology

S-Variant SARS-CoV-2 Lineage B1.1.7 Is Associated With Significantly Higher Viral Load in Samples Tested by TaqPath Polymerase Chain Reaction

Michael Kidd et al.

Summary: Analysis of recent test data shows that samples containing the SARS-CoV-2 variant B1.1.7 with mutation Delta 69/70 exhibit S gene target failure (SGTF) in ThermoFisher TaqPath RT-qPCR. Samples with SGTF profile are more likely to have higher viral loads, indicating higher infectivity and rapid spread of this variant.

JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Editorial Material Medicine, General & Internal

Resurgence of COVID-19 in Manaus, Brazil, despite high seroprevalence

Ester C. Sabino et al.

LANCET (2021)

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News Item Multidisciplinary Sciences

NOVAVAX OFFERS FIRST EVIDENCE THAT COVID VACCINES PROTECT PEOPLE AGAINST VARIANTS

Ewen Callaway et al.

NATURE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 to mRNA vaccine-elicited antibodies

Dami A. Collier et al.

Summary: The B.1.1.7 variant of SARS-CoV-2 exhibited reduced neutralization by vaccines and antibodies from recovered COVID-19 patients, with a more substantial loss seen when introducing the E484K mutation. This mutation poses a threat to the efficacy of the BNT162b2 vaccine.

NATURE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Antibody resistance of SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.351 and B.1.1.7

Pengfei Wang et al.

Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic has had global repercussions, with promising vaccines and monoclonal antibody therapies. However, newly detected variants of SARS-CoV-2 present challenges to these treatment options.

NATURE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

mRNA vaccine-elicited antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and circulating variants

Zijun Wang et al.

Summary: Volunteers who received the Moderna or Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine showed high levels of antibodies and memory B cell responses against SARS-CoV-2, with activity similar to individuals who had recovered from natural infection. However, their efficacy against specific SARS-CoV-2 variants was reduced, indicating a potential need for periodic updates to mRNA vaccines to maintain clinical efficacy.

NATURE (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

SARS-CoV-2 501Y.V2 escapes neutralization by South African COVID-19 donor plasma

Constantinos Kurt Wibmer et al.

Summary: The SARS-CoV-2 virus in the B.1.351 variant discovered in South Africa can evade neutralization by most antibodies when expressed, but does not affect binding by convalescent plasma. This suggests the potential for reinfection with antigenically distinct variants and predicts reduced efficacy of spike-based vaccines.

NATURE MEDICINE (2021)

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Letter Medicine, General & Internal

Serum Neutralizing Activity Elicited by mRNA-1273 Vaccine

Kai Wu et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7 pseudovirus by BNT162b2 vaccine-elicited human sera

Alexander Muik et al.

Summary: A new SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7 has emerged in the UK, which is more transmissible and faster spreading than other strains. However, a study found that the BNT162b2 vaccine offers largely preserved protection against the B.1.1.7 lineage, despite some reduced neutralizing titers.

SCIENCE (2021)

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News Item Medicine, General & Internal

Covid-19: The E484K mutation and the risks it poses

Jacqui Wise

BMJ-BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL (2021)

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Article Immunology

Heterologous prime-boost: breaking the protective immune response bottleneck of COVID-19 vaccine candidates

Qian He et al.

Summary: Our study demonstrated that utilizing a heterologous prime-boost strategy with different combinations of COVID-19 vaccine candidates can enhance neutralizing antibody levels and T cell responses, providing new insights for vaccine development and application in controlling the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.

EMERGING MICROBES & INFECTIONS (2021)

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Review Immunology

Mini Review Immunological Consequences of Immunization With COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines: Preliminary Results

Andrea Lombardi et al.

Summary: BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 vaccines can elicit specific antibodies and neutralizing antibodies levels higher than those observed in convalescent serum of COVID-19 patients within the first 100 days after vaccination, with a reassuring safety and efficacy profile. The vaccine-induced T cell response is oriented towards a beneficial T(H)1 response, without evidence of vaccine-enhanced disease reported.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

N-terminal domain antigenic mapping reveals a site of vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

Matthew McCallum et al.

Summary: The study identifies 41 human monoclonal antibodies that recognize the N-terminal domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and exhibit strong neutralizing activity. These antibodies inhibit cell-to-cell fusion, activate effector functions, and protect animals from virus challenge, highlighting the importance of NTD-specific neutralizing antibodies for protective immunity and vaccine development. Several SARS-CoV-2 variants with mutations in the NTD supersite suggest ongoing selective pressure on the virus.

CELL (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.351 and P.1 escape from neutralizing antibodies

Markus Hoffmann et al.

Summary: The emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants may exhibit resistance to existing neutralizing antibodies and treatments, which could have significant implications for pandemic containment efforts.

CELL (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Emergence and rapid transmission of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 in the United States

Nicole L. Washington et al.

Summary: The highly transmissible B.1.1.7 variant of SARS-CoV-2, first identified in the United Kingdom, has been spreading in the United States with multiple introductions as early as late November 2020. The variant shows a logistic growth rate with roughly weekly doubling and increased transmission, requiring immediate action to minimize COVID-19 morbidity and mortality.

CELL (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Antibody evasion by the P.1 strain of SARS-CoV-2

Wanwisa Dejnirattisai et al.

Summary: Ending the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic requires global vaccination. New virus strains with mutations impact antibody responses, but some variants are less resistant than others. A monoclonal antibody can neutralize different variants and partially restore neutralization potency for other public antibodies.

CELL (2021)

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Article Microbiology

Increased resistance of SARS-CoV-2 variant P.1 to antibody neutralization

Pengfei Wang et al.

Summary: The emerging Brazilian variant P.1 shows increased resistance to antibody neutralization, posing a threat to current antibody therapies, but has less impact on the effectiveness of protective vaccines.

CELL HOST & MICROBE (2021)

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Letter Medicine, General & Internal

Neutralizing Antibodies Against SARS-CoV-2 Variants After Infection and Vaccination

Venkata Viswanadh Edara et al.

Summary: This study investigates the neutralizing antibody response to 4 SARS-CoV-2 variants in individuals who have been infected or vaccinated.

JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Impact and effectiveness of mRNA BNT162b2 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 infections and COVID-19 cases, hospitalisations, and deaths following a nationwide vaccination campaign in Israel: an observational study using national surveillance data

Eric J. Haas et al.

Summary: This study assessed the real-world effectiveness of the Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA COVID-19 vaccine BNT162b2 in Israel, showing high efficacy in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infections, hospitalizations, severe disease, and death. As vaccine coverage increased, there were marked declines in SARS-CoV-2 outcomes, indicating that COVID-19 vaccination can help control the pandemic.

LANCET (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

COVID-19 vaccine coverage in health-care workers in England and effectiveness of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine against infection (SIREN): a prospective, multicentre, cohort study

Victoria Jane Hall et al.

Summary: The study aimed to determine the factors associated with vaccine coverage for two COVID-19 vaccines in the UK and to document the vaccine effectiveness of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine among healthcare workers. Results showed that the vaccine can prevent both symptomatic and asymptomatic infections in working-age adults, with a vaccine effectiveness of 70% after the first dose and 85% after the second dose.

LANCET (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Efficacy of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern 202012/01 (B.1.1.7): an exploratory analysis of a randomised controlled trial

Katherine R. W. Emary et al.

Summary: A post-hoc analysis was conducted on the efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine against the B.1.1.7 variant of SARS-CoV-2 in the UK. The vaccine showed reduced neutralisation activity against the B.1.1.7 variant in vitro, but still demonstrated efficacy against the B.1.1.7 variant of the virus.

LANCET (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Escape of SARS-CoV-2 501Y.V2 from neutralization by convalescent plasma

Sandile Cele et al.

Summary: The study compared the neutralization of non-VOC and 501Y.V2 VOC variants using plasma from COVID-19 patients in South Africa. It found that plasma from individuals infected during the first wave effectively neutralized the first-wave virus variant, while plasma from those infected in the second wave effectively neutralized the 501Y.V2 variant.

NATURE (2021)

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Letter Medicine, General & Internal

Effectiveness of the BNT162b2 Covid-19 Vaccine against the B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 Variants

Laith J. Abu-Raddad et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Letter Medicine, General & Internal

Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 Variants B.1.429 and B.1.351

Xiaoying Shen et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Letter Medicine, General & Internal

Neutralizing Response against Variants after SARS-CoV-2 Infection and One Dose of BNT162b2

Yaniv Lustig et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Covid-19 Vaccine against the B.1.351 Variant

S. A. Madhi et al.

Summary: The ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine did not provide significant protection against mild-to-moderate Covid-19 caused by the B.1.351 variant, with an efficacy of 10.4%. The incidence of serious adverse events was balanced between the vaccine and placebo groups.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Efficacy of NVX-CoV2373 Covid-19 Vaccine against the B.1.351 Variant

V. Shinde et al.

Summary: The NVX-CoV2373 vaccine showed efficacy in preventing Covid-19, with higher vaccine efficacy observed among HIV-negative participants. Most infections were caused by the B.1.351 variant.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

T cell assays differentiate clinical and subclinical SARS-CoV-2 infections from cross-reactive antiviral responses

Ane Ogbe et al.

Summary: The study highlights the importance of distinguishing T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 from cross-reactive immune responses to other coronaviruses, showing that the discriminatory ability is significantly influenced by the choice of antigens and type of assay used.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

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News Item Medicine, General & Internal

Covid-19: Two doses of Pfizer vaccine are highly effective against infection, hospital admission, and death, study finds

Gareth Iacobucci

BMJ-BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL (2021)

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News Item Medicine, General & Internal

Covid-19: Moderna and Novavax vaccines to be tested in mixing vaccines trial

Elisabeth Mahase

BMJ-BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL (2021)

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Article Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Changes in symptomatology, reinfection, and transmissibility associated with the SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.7: an ecological study

Mark S. Graham et al.

Summary: The study showed that the B.1.1.7 variant did not result in changes in COVID-19 symptoms or duration of illness, and there was no significant increase in reinfection rate compared to previous variants.

LANCET PUBLIC HEALTH (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Reduced neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617 by vaccine and convalescent serum

Chang Liu et al.

Summary: Recent study examined the neutralizing ability of monoclonal antibodies, convalescent and vaccine sera against the Indian variants B.1.617.1 and B.1.617.2, showing that the neutralization of these variants is reduced compared to the ancestral strains, without widespread antibody escape as seen in other variants like B.1.351.

CELL (2021)

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Article Microbiology

A single dose of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine BNT162b2 elicits Fc-mediated antibody effector functions and T cell responses

Alexandra Tauzin et al.

Summary: A single dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine can be up to 90% effective, with boosted humoral and T cell responses in previously infected individuals. Therefore, spacing doses may help vaccinate more people in conditions of limited vaccine supply.

CELL HOST & MICROBE (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Effect of Bamlanivimab vs Placebo on Incidence of COVID-19 Among Residents and Staff of Skilled Nursing and Assisted Living Facilities

Myron S. Cohen et al.

JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Effect of 2 Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines on Symptomatic COVID-19 Infection in Adults A Randomized Clinical Trial

Nawal Al Kaabi et al.

Summary: This interim analysis of an ongoing randomized trial in the UAE and Bahrain evaluated the efficacy of two inactivated COVID-19 vaccines in preventing symptomatic cases and adverse events in healthy adults. The study found that both vaccines significantly reduced the risk of symptomatic COVID-19 compared to the control group, with efficacy rates of 72.8% and 78.1%. Serious adverse events were rare across all groups.

JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Safety and immunogenicity of heterologous versus homologous prime-boost schedules with an adenoviral vectored and mRNA COVID-19 vaccine (Com-COV): a single-blind, randomised, non-inferiority trial

Xinxue Liu et al.

Summary: Heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccine schedules could facilitate mass immunisation, with ChAd/BNT showing non-inferior immunogenicity compared to ChAd/ChAd, but BNT/ChAd did not demonstrate non-inferiority to BNT/BNT. The results support flexibility in using heterologous prime-boost vaccination with ChAd and BNT COVID-19 vaccines.

LANCET (2021)

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Letter Medicine, General & Internal

Neutralising antibody activity against SARS-CoV-2 VOCs B.1.617.2 and B.1.351 by BNT162b2 vaccination

Emma C. Wall et al.

LANCET (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of BNT162b2 booster in ChAdOx1-S-primed participants (CombiVacS): a multicentre, open-label, randomised, controlled, phase 2 trial

Alberto M. Borobia et al.

Summary: To date, there are no immunological data on COVID-19 heterologous vaccination schedules in humans. This study evaluated the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of administering BNT162b2 as a second dose in individuals primed with ChAdOx1-S. The results showed that BNT162b2 induced a robust immune response in individuals prime vaccinated with ChAdOx1-S, with an acceptable and manageable reactogenicity profile.

LANCET (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Efficacy and safety of an inactivated whole-virion SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (CoronaVac): interim results of a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial in Turkey

Mine Durusu Tanriover et al.

Summary: The study presented the interim efficacy and safety results of the CoronaVac vaccine in a phase 3 clinical trial in Turkey, demonstrating high efficacy against PCR-confirmed symptomatic COVID-19 with good safety and tolerability profile. Results showed significant differences in the frequency of any adverse events between the vaccine and placebo groups, indicating excellent protective effects of the vaccine.

LANCET (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Reduced sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 variant Delta to antibody neutralization

Delphine Planas et al.

Summary: The SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617 Delta variant, first identified in India in 2020, has become dominant in some regions and is spreading to many countries. This variant shows resistance to certain monoclonal antibodies and antibodies in convalescent sera, as well as reduced neutralization by some COVID-19 vaccines. Administration of two doses of the vaccine is needed for a neutralizing response against the Delta variant.

NATURE (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

COVID-19 in Amazonas, Brazil, was driven by the persistence of endemic lineages and P.1 emergence

Felipe Gomes Naveca et al.

Summary: Analysis of circulating SARS-CoV-2 viruses during the first and second waves of COVID-19 in Amazonas, Brazil, shows successive lineage replacements led to predominance of the variant of concern P.1 and are associated with variable levels of social distancing.

NATURE MEDICINE (2021)

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Review Microbiology

SARS-CoV-2 variants, spike mutations and immune escape

William T. Harvey et al.

Summary: The evolution of SARS-CoV-2 has been characterized by the emergence of mutations and variants that impact virus characteristics. Manufacturers are preparing for possible updates to vaccines in response to changes in the virus population, and it is crucial to monitor genetic and antigenic changes alongside experiments to understand the impacts of mutations.

NATURE REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY (2021)

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Letter Medicine, General & Internal

Infection and Vaccine-Induced Neutralizing-Antibody Responses to the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617 Variants

Venkata-Viswanadh Edara et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

SARS-CoV-2: Possible recombination and emergence of potentially more virulent strains

Dania Haddad et al.

Summary: The study reveals significant differences in the spread and mutations of COVID-19 in different countries, with recombination mainly observed in North American and European sequences. Structural modeling suggests that the two most common mutations may enhance viral entry and replication capabilities.

PLOS ONE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Translational shutdown and evasion of the innate immune response by SARS-CoV-2 NSP14 protein

Jack Chun-Chieh Hsu et al.

Summary: SARS-CoV-2 shuts down host innate immune responses through the translation inhibition activity of NSP14, revealing insights into the pathogenesis of the virus.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Structural and functional ramifications of antigenic drift in recent SARS-CoV-2 variants

Meng Yuan et al.

Summary: Mutations in the RBS residues of new variant strains of the coronavirus can affect the binding and neutralizing effects of antibodies, but have little impact on antibodies targeting more conserved neutralizing sites.

SCIENCE (2021)

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Review Virology

Immune Evasion of SARS-CoV-2 Emerging Variants: What Have We Learnt So Far?

Ivana Lazarevic et al.

Summary: Although SARS-CoV-2 evolves slowly compared to other RNA viruses, its rapid transmission during the COVID-19 pandemic has led to the emergence of numerous variants, some of which have been labeled as variants of concern. These variants may have an impact on transmission, morbidity/mortality, and evasion of neutralization by antibodies, especially monoclonal antibodies.

VIRUSES-BASEL (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell memory is sustained in COVID-19 convalescent patients for 10 months with successful development of stem cell-like memory T cells

Jae Hyung Jung et al.

Summary: The study reveals that memory T cell responses can be detected in convalescent COVID-19 patients up to 317 days post-symptom onset, indicating potential long-lasting immunity, especially with the presence of stem cell-like memory T cells.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

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Editorial Material Medicine, General & Internal

Covid-19: Researchers find higher than expected reinfections with P.1 variant among the Brazilian Amazon

Luke Taylor

BMJ-BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL (2021)

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Article Cell Biology

Recurrent emergence of SARS-CoV-2 spike deletion H69/V70 and its role in the Alpha variant B.1.1.7

Bo Meng et al.

Summary: The Delta H69N70 mutation in SARS-CoV-2 spike protein increases infectivity and partially rescues immune escape mutations that impair infectivity. Continued surveillance and research on deletions with functional effects are necessary.

CELL REPORTS (2021)

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Article Critical Care Medicine

Safety, reactogenicity, and immunogenicity of homologous and heterologous prime-boost immunisation with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and BNT162b2: a prospective cohort study

David Hillus et al.

Summary: This study evaluated the reactogenicity and immunogenicity of homologous and heterologous COVID-19 vaccinations, with results showing that heterologous immunization has good immunogenicity and tolerability.

LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Immunology

Epitope Classification and RBD Binding Properties of Neutralizing Antibodies Against SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern

Ashlesha Deshpande et al.

Summary: This study investigated the impact of RBD mutations in SARS-CoV-2 on ACE2 and NAb binding, revealing that mutations such as K417T, E484K, and N501Y disrupted the binding of 65% of evaluated NAbs, indicating concern for the P.1 Japan/Brazil strain. Additionally, the L452R mutation enhanced ACE2 binding affinity while disrupting C1 and C2 NAb classes.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Microbiology

Long-Term Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in an Immunocompromised Patient with Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

Vitor Borges et al.

Summary: This study reports a case of a immunocompromised patient with a persistent SARS-CoV-2 infection over at least 6 months, showing the accumulation of mutations during the infection, some of which may be associated with immune evasion and enhanced transmission. Monitoring the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in immunocompromised individuals is crucial to identify novel adaptive mutations and mitigate the risk of introducing highly evolved variants into the community. Tracking the within-patient evolution of SARS-CoV-2 is key to understanding its adaptive traits and anticipating the emergence of variants of concern.

MSPHERE (2021)

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Letter Immunology

Genomic Evidence of SARS-CoV-2 Reinfection Involving E484K Spike Mutation, Brazil

Carolina Kymie Vasques Nonaka et al.

Summary: The case of reinfection from distinct virus lineages in Brazil with the E484K mutation raises concerns about the duration of protective immune responses against SARS-CoV-2, especially with the variant associated with escape from neutralizing antibodies. This highlights potential challenges for virus control measures.

EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Article Immunology

Neutralizing Antibody Responses in COVID-19 Convalescent Sera

William T. Lee et al.

Summary: Passive transfer of antibodies from COVID-19 convalescent patients is used as an experimental treatment for SARS-CoV-2 infections. As time post symptom onset increases, neutralizing activity in sera significantly rises to reach a peak, emphasizing the value of serum characterization for neutralization activity.

JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Article Virology

Characterization of antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in convalescent COVID-19 patients

Chuanmiao Liu et al.

Summary: The study revealed that IgG antibody levels remained stable in convalescent patients while IgM antibody levels decreased in early convalescence and were only detected in a few patients after six months, with higher IgG levels observed in severe and critical groups compared to moderate cases. Further investigation is needed to determine if these specific antibodies provide long-term protection in recovered COVID-19 patients.

JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY (2021)

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Article Immunology

Comprehensive analysis of SARS-CoV-2 antibody dynamics in New Zealand

Alana L. Whitcombe et al.

Summary: This study found that antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 can persist for up to 8 months following mild-to-moderate infection, with RBD and S protein IgG, as well as NAbs, being relatively stable over time. The robust antibody response observed may be attributed to the initial exposure without immune boosting due to lack of community transmission in New Zealand.

CLINICAL & TRANSLATIONAL IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019

Na Zhu et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2020)

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Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

The spike glycoprotein of the new coronavirus 2019-nCoV contains a furinlike cleavage site absent in CoV of the same clade

B. Coutard et al.

ANTIVIRAL RESEARCH (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Targets of T Cell Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus in Humans with COVID-19 Disease and Unexposed Individuals

Alba Grifoni et al.

CELL (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor

Markus Hoffmann et al.

CELL (2020)

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Article Immunology

Detection of SARS-CoV-2-Specific Humoral and Cellular Immunity in COVID-19 Convalescent Individuals

Ling Ni et al.

IMMUNITY (2020)

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Review Pediatrics

Pathophysiology of COVID-19: Why Children Fare Better than Adults?

Nitin Dhochak et al.

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Cell entry mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2

Jian Shang et al.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Phylogenetic Analysis and Structural Modeling of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Reveals an Evolutionary Distinct and Proteolytically Sensitive Activation Loop

Javier A. Jaimes et al.

JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 through recombination and strong purifying selection

Xiaojun Li et al.

SCIENCE ADVANCES (2020)

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Review Microbiology

The Human Coronavirus Disease COVID-19: Its Origin, Characteristics, and Insights into Potential Drugs and Its Mechanisms

Lo'ai Alanagreh et al.

PATHOGENS (2020)

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Review Infectious Diseases

The genetic sequence, origin, and diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2

Huihui Wang et al.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY & INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Deep Mutational Scanning of SARS-CoV-2 Receptor Binding Domain Reveals Constraints on Folding and ACE2 Binding

Tyler N. Starr et al.

CELL (2020)

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Review Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Immune response in COVID-19: A review

Mohammad Asaduzzaman Chowdhury et al.

JOURNAL OF INFECTION AND PUBLIC HEALTH (2020)

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Editorial Material Medicine, General & Internal

Convalescent Plasma and COVID-19

Anurag N. Malani et al.

JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (2020)

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Review Medicine, Research & Experimental

Natural history of COVID-19 and current knowledge on treatment therapeutic options

Wagner Gouvea dos Santos

BIOMEDICINE & PHARMACOTHERAPY (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Robust T Cell Immunity in Convalescent Individuals with Asymptomatic or Mild COVID-19

Takuya Sekine et al.

CELL (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Antigen-Specific Adaptive Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in Acute COVID-19 and Associations with Age and Disease Severity

Carolyn Rydyznski Moderbacher et al.

CELL (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

SARS-CoV-2-reactive T cells in healthy donors and patients with COVID-19

Julian Braun et al.

NATURE (2020)

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Article Immunology

Cell-mediated and humoral adaptive immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 are lower in asymptomatic than symptomatic COVID-19 patients

Alessio Mazzoni et al.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Potent neutralizing antibodies from COVID-19 patients define multiple targets of vulnerability

Philip J. M. Brouwer et al.

SCIENCE (2020)

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Article Cell Biology

Naturally activated adaptive immunity in COVID-19 patients

Xiaofeng Yang et al.

JOURNAL OF CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR MEDICINE (2020)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Safety and immunogenicity of an rAd26 and rAd5 vector-based heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccine in two formulations: two open, non-randomised phase 1/2 studies from Russia

Denis Y. Logunov et al.

LANCET (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody structures inform therapeutic strategies

Christopher O. Barnes et al.

NATURE (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

COVID-19 vaccine BNT162b1 elicits human antibody and TH1 T cell responses

Ugur Sahin et al.

NATURE (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Structures and distributions of SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins on intact virions

Zunlong Ke et al.

NATURE (2020)

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Article Immunology

Broad and strong memory CD4+and CD8+T cells induced by SARS-CoV-2 in UK convalescent individuals following COVID-19

Yanchun Peng et al.

NATURE IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

A SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate would likely match all currently circulating variants

Bethany Dearlove et al.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2020)

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Editorial Material Medicine, General & Internal

Virology, transmission, and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2

Muge Cevik et al.

BMJ-BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL (2020)

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Review Microbiology

Toward Understanding Molecular Bases for Biological Diversification of Human Coronaviruses: Present Status and Future Perspectives

Takaaki Koma et al.

FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY (2020)

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Review Immunology

Covid-19: Perspectives on Innate Immune Evasion

Nima Taefehshokr et al.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Beyond Shielding: The Roles of Glycans in the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein

Lorenzo Casalino et al.

ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE (2020)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

The emergence of COVID-19 as a global pandemic: Understanding the epidemiology, immune response and potential therapeutic targets of SARS-CoV-2

Shibi Muralidar et al.

BIOCHIMIE (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Case Study: Prolonged Infectious SARS-CoV-2 Shedding from an Asymptomatic Immunocompromised Individual with Cancer

Victoria A. Avanzato et al.

CELL (2020)

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Letter Medicine, General & Internal

Persistence and Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in an Immunocompromised Host

Bina Choi et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Genomic recombination events may reveal the evolution of coronavirus and the origin of SARS-CoV-2

Zhenglin Zhu et al.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2020)

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News Item Medicine, General & Internal

Covid-19: What have we learnt about the new variant in the UK?

Elisabeth Mahase

BMJ-BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL (2020)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Dynamics of CD4 T Cell and Antibody Responses in COVID-19 Patients With Different Disease Severity

Maximilian Koblischke et al.

FRONTIERS IN MEDICINE (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Adaptive immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection in severe versus mild individuals

Fan Zhang et al.

SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION AND TARGETED THERAPY (2020)

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Review Medicine, General & Internal

Epidemiology of COVID-19

Cemal Bulut et al.

TURKISH JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES (2020)

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Article Immunology

Heterologous prime-boost with A(H5N1) pandemic influenza vaccines induces broader cross-Glade antibody responses than homologous prime-boost

Min Z. Levine et al.

NPJ VACCINES (2019)

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Review Immunology

With a Little Help from T Follicular Helper Friends: Humoral Immunity to Influenza Vaccination

Marios Koutsakos et al.

JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (2019)

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Review Immunology

Prime-boost vaccine strategy against viral infections: Mechanisms and benefits

Kimia Kardani et al.

VACCINE (2016)

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Review Virology

Recombination, Reservoirs, and the Modular Spike: Mechanisms of Coronavirus Cross-Species Transmission

Rachel L. Graham et al.

JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY (2010)

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Article Immunology

Antibody responses elicited through homologous or heterologous prime-boost DNA and protein vaccinations differ in functional activity and avidity

Michael Vaine et al.

VACCINE (2010)

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Article Immunology

Heterologous HA DNA vaccine prime-inactivated influenza vaccine boost is more effective than using DNA or inactivated vaccine alone in eliciting antibody responses against H1 or H3 serotype influenza viruses

Shixia Wang et al.

VACCINE (2008)

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