期刊
VIRUSES-BASEL
卷 14, 期 1, 页码 -出版社
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/v14010110
关键词
antiviral; coronavirus; emodin; HCoV-229E; HCoV-OC43; lentivirus; natural product; PhytoQuin; photodynamic inactivation; photosensitizer; ROS; SARS-CoV-2; spike
类别
资金
- Nova Scotia COVID-19 Health Research Coalition
- Nova Scotia Business Inc.
This study demonstrates that photoactivated PhytoQuin can inactivate human coronaviruses, inhibit their replication, and alter their protein structure. The antiviral effect of PhytoQuin is light-dependent and remains effective at sub-cytotoxic doses of the photosensitizer. This expands the list of susceptible viruses.
Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) employs a photosensitizer, light, and oxygen to create a local burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can inactivate microorganisms. The botanical extract PhytoQuin(TM) is a powerful photosensitizer with antimicrobial properties. We previously demonstrated that photoactivated PhytoQuin also has antiviral properties against herpes simplex viruses and adenoviruses in a dose-dependent manner across a broad range of sub-cytotoxic concentrations. Here, we report that human coronaviruses (HCoVs) are also susceptible to photodynamic inactivation. Photoactivated-PhytoQuin inhibited the replication of the alphacoronavirus HCoV-229E and the betacoronavirus HCoV-OC43 in cultured cells across a range of sub-cytotoxic doses. This antiviral effect was light-dependent, as we observed minimal antiviral effect of PhytoQuin in the absence of photoactivation. Using RNase protection assays, we observed that PDI disrupted HCoV particle integrity allowing for the digestion of viral RNA by exogenous ribonucleases. Using lentiviruses pseudotyped with the SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) protein, we once again observed a strong, light-dependent antiviral effect of PhytoQuin, which prevented S-mediated entry into human cells. We also observed that PhytoQuin PDI altered S protein electrophoretic mobility. The PhytoQuin constituent emodin displayed equivalent light-dependent antiviral activity to PhytoQuin in matched-dose experiments, indicating that it plays a central role in PhytoQuin PDI against CoVs. Together, these findings demonstrate that HCoV lipid envelopes and proteins are damaged by PhytoQuin PDI and expands the list of susceptible viruses.
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