4.7 Review

Updates on the global dissemination of colistin-resistant Escherichia coli: An emerging threat to public health

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Article Infectious Diseases

Acquisition of multidrug-resistant bacteria and encoding genes among French pilgrims during the 2017 and 2018 Hajj

Van-Thuan Hoang et al.

Summary: The study aimed to determine the acquisition of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria and antibiotic resistance-encoding genes by French Hajj pilgrims. Results showed that 19.4% of pilgrims acquired MDR bacteria during the Hajj, with ESBL-E being most common. Additionally, 8.6% of pilgrims tested positive for mcr genes post-Hajj. No significant association was found between co-factors and the acquisition of MDR bacteria or mcr genes.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY & INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

Article Food Science & Technology

Detection of plasmid mediated colistin resistance mcr-1 gene in ESBL producing Escherichia coli isolated from raw milk hard cheese in Egypt

Rabee A. Ombarak et al.

Summary: The study identified an ESBL-producing E. coli isolate carrying the mcr-1 gene on a plasmid, with potential transferability. The isolate exhibited multidrug resistance, including resistance to colistin, and harbored additional resistance genes. The mcr-1 gene was successfully transferred to another E. coli strain through conjugation, indicating the potential spread of this gene to other Gram-negative bacteria.

INTERNATIONAL DAIRY JOURNAL (2021)

Article Environmental Sciences

High incidence of multi-drug resistance and heterogeneity of mobile genetic elements in Escherichia coli isolates from diseased ducks in Sichuan province of China

Shaqiu Zhang et al.

Summary: The study investigated antimicrobial resistance, integrons, and mobile genetic elements in Escherichia coli isolated from diseased ducks in Sichuan, China from 2018 to 2020. The majority of isolates showed resistance to multiple antibiotics, with rifampin and ampicillin being the most resistant. Additionally, a high proportion of integrons and mobile genetic elements were observed in the isolates.

ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY (2021)

Article Immunology

Characterization and resistant determinants linked to mobile elements of ESBL-producing and mcr-1-positive Escherichia coli recovered from the chicken origin

Muhammad Shafiq et al.

Summary: This study identified the co-occurrence of various antibiotic-resistant genes and their physical linkage with mobile genetic elements in Escherichia coli, indicating the potential threat of multidrug-resistant strains spreading among bacterial populations.

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Article Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science

Longitudinal monitoring of multidrug resistance in Escherichia coli on broiler chicken fattening farms in Shandong, China

Cong Liu et al.

Summary: The extensive use of antibiotics has led to antimicrobial resistance and multi drug resistance in Escherichia coli, posing challenges for bacterial treatment and public health. Monitoring the resistance of E. coli throughout the broiler fattening period is crucial for the poultry industry and public health.

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Article Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

The colonisation of Czech travellers and expatriates living in the Czech Republic by colistin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae and whole genome characterisation of E. coli isolates harbouring the mcr-1 genes on a plasmid or chromosome: A cross-sectional study

Marcela Krutova et al.

Summary: A study conducted in Czech Republic found that some travellers or expatriates residing temporarily in the country carried mcr-mediated colistin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, including multidrug-resistant E. coli strains. This highlights the potential role of international travellers in the dissemination of the mcr-1 gene and emphasizes the need for enhanced monitoring and preventive measures.

TRAVEL MEDICINE AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE (2021)

Review Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Prevalence and Traits of Mobile Colistin Resistance Gene Harbouring Isolates from Different Ecosystems in Africa

Madubuike Umunna Anyanwu et al.

Summary: The mobile colistin resistance (mcr) gene poses a threat to the effectiveness of colistin, a last-resort antibiotic, in Africa where the regulation of critically important antimicrobial agents like colistin is lacking. Various mcr genes have been detected in isolates from humans, animals, foods, and the environment on the continent, leading to increased antimicrobial resistance and virulence in African strains. Transmission routes of mcr-containing bacteria in Africa include contact with reservoirs, consumption of contaminated foods, and trade and travel.

BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL (2021)

Article Microbiology

Genomic Features of MCR-1 and Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacterales from Retail Raw Chicken in Egypt

Mustafa Sadek et al.

Summary: This study identified mcr-1-positive Enterobacterales from retail raw chicken in Egypt, highlighting the diversity and multidrug resistance of these isolates.

MICROORGANISMS (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Comprehensive Genomic Investigation of Coevolution of mcr genes in Escherichia coli Strains via Nanopore Sequencing

Ruichao Li et al.

Summary: The evolutionary trajectory of mobile colistin resistome in bacteria remains largely unknown, and the spread of antibiotic resistance genes is a global challenge. The findings suggest that stringent regulation of antibiotic prescription for humans and animals is crucial to alleviate the threat of multidrug-resistant bacteria.

GLOBAL CHALLENGES (2021)

Article Engineering, Environmental

High prevalence and persistence of carbapenem and colistin resistance in livestock farm environments in China

Xiaomin Shi et al.

Summary: The study reveals the widespread presence of ARGs in farm environments, posing threats to food safety and public health. Broiler farm environments serve as important reservoirs for mcr-1, ESBL, and carbapenemase genes, while fecal treatment processes may impact the levels of ARG contamination in the environment.

JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS (2021)

Article Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science

Genomic characteristics of mcr-1 and blaCTX-M-type in a single multidrug- resistant Escherichia coli ST93 from chicken in China

Wenya Li et al.

Summary: The transmission characteristics of mcr-1 and bla(CTX-M-type) in the LWY24 isolate are influenced by clonal spread of ST93, selective pressure of cefotaxime, IS26-mediated homologous recombination and transposition, as well as the specific shufflon region. The study also showed that the mcr-1 and bla(CTX-M-55) carrying plasmids could be co-transferred at a similar frequency under selection pressure, indicating potential horizontal transfer mechanisms.

POULTRY SCIENCE (2021)

Article Infectious Diseases

Emergence of Nosocomial Pneumonia Caused by Colistin-Resistant Escherichia coli in Patients Admitted to Chest Intensive Care Unit

Mohamed A. El-Mokhtar et al.

Summary: The study revealed a worrisome 15% colistin resistance rate in Escherichia coli strains isolated from patients with nosocomial pneumonia in a university hospital. These resistant strains carry various drug resistance and virulence-related genes, highlighting the importance of careful monitoring and infection control policies in the hospital setting.

ANTIBIOTICS-BASEL (2021)

Article Infectious Diseases

The Intestinal Carriage of Plasmid-Mediated Colistin-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae in Tertiary Care Settings

Jan Tkadlec et al.

Summary: The study revealed that mcr-mediated colistin resistance poses little threat to hospitalized patients in Czech healthcare settings. The presence of the mcr-1 gene in the human population is potentially linked to domestically produced, retail meat.

ANTIBIOTICS-BASEL (2021)

Article Infectious Diseases

Colistin resistance genes mcr-1 to mcr-5, including a case of triple occurrence ( mcr-1,-3 and-5), in Escherichia coli isolates from faeces of healthy pigs, cattle and poultry in Belgium, 2012-2016

Michael Timmermans et al.

Summary: This study identified a reservoir of mobile colistin resistance genes (mcr-1 to -5) in commensal Escherichia coli isolated from healthy pigs, cattle and poultry in Belgium over at least 5 years (2012-2016), highlighting the ongoing presence of colistin resistance genes in these animal populations.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS (2021)

Article Food Science & Technology

Prevalence of mobile colistin resistance (mcr) genes in extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli isolated from retail raw foods in Nha Trang, Vietnam

Phong Quoc Le et al.

Summary: The study revealed a high prevalence of ESBL-producing E. coli carrying mcr genes in retail raw food in Nha Trang, Vietnam, indicating multidrug resistance and posing a potential health risk to humans.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD MICROBIOLOGY (2021)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Mobilized colistin resistance (mcr) genes from 1 to 10: a comprehensive review

Nadheema Hammood Hussein et al.

Summary: Colistin resistance is becoming a growing global concern as a last-resort treatment option. The discovery of plasmid-mediated mcr genes has raised alarm due to their potential for global dissemination. Various mcr variants, from mcr-1 to mcr-10, have been identified in different sources, highlighting the need for better stewardship and proper antimicrobial usage to combat resistance.

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY REPORTS (2021)

Article Cell Biology

The MCR-3 inside linker appears as a facilitator of colistin resistance

Yongchang Xu et al.

Summary: The study identified a functional variant (Ah762) of MCR-3 in certain Aeromonas species through genetic duplication and amplification, with a hinge linker termed Linker 59 playing a determining role in MCR activity and assisting inactive MCR variants in regaining colistin resistance. This facilitator ensures the formation of a substrate-accessible pocket within MCR-3-like enzymes, providing a novel insight into colistin resistance mechanism.

CELL REPORTS (2021)

Article Microbiology

Colistin-Resistant mcr-1-Positive Escherichia coli ST131-H22 Carrying blaCTX-M-15 and qnrB19 in Agricultural Soil

Ralf Lopes et al.

Summary: The study investigated an E. coli strain isolated from a kale crop in Brazil, which exhibited multidrug resistance and carried resistance genes to clinically significant antimicrobials. This strain was phylogenetically related to human, avian, and swine ST131-H22 strains and presented a threat to food and environmental safety. The emergence of this E. coli strain in agricultural soil highlights the importance of One Health approach to detect and limit the spread of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria.

FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY (2021)

Article Microbiology

A Large Spatial Survey of Colistin-Resistant Gene mcr-1-Carrying E. coli in Rivers across Taiwan

Ching-Hao Teng et al.

Summary: This study revealed a positive correlation between the number of mcr-1-positive sites and high livestock and poultry density. The sequencing analysis indicated that the epidemic plasmid in the mcr-1 isolates circulated not only in humans, animals, and food, but also in the associated environments or natural habitats in Taiwan, suggesting that surveillance of antibiotic resistance genes for livestock or poultry farm quality control should include their associated environments.

MICROORGANISMS (2021)

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Genomic Insights into a Colistin-Resistant Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Strain of O23:H4-ST641 Lineage Harboring mcr-1.1 on a Conjugative IncHI2 Plasmid from Egypt

Azza S. Zakaria et al.

Summary: The reintroduction of colistin led to the global spread of plasmid-mediated mobile colistin resistance genes, including mcr-1. A study in Egypt found colistin resistance in Escherichia coli from patients with urinary tract infections, with a double mechanism involving mcr-1 and amino acid substitutions. The mcr-1 gene may have originated from the unbanned use of colistin in Egyptian agriculture, highlighting the need for proactive regulations to prevent further dissemination of this resistance.

MICROORGANISMS (2021)

Article Infectious Diseases

Transmission of Similar Mcr-1 Carrying Plasmids among Different Escherichia coli Lineages Isolated from Livestock and the Farmer

Joaquim Vines et al.

Summary: Colistin, once discontinued in human medicine due to toxicity, is now being used as a last-resort antibiotic for treating hospital infections caused by multi-drug resistant Enterobacteriaceae. A study found that colistin-resistant E. coli isolates carrying mcr-1 were transmitted from livestock to a farmer through horizontal gene transfer. Additionally, virulence factors including Shiga toxin E. coli were detected, emphasizing the role of livestock as a reservoir for potential zoonotic pathogens.

ANTIBIOTICS-BASEL (2021)

Article Infectious Diseases

Determination of Colistin in Contents Derived from Gastrointestinal Tract of Feeding Treated Piglet and Broiler

Chun Peng et al.

Summary: Colistin is considered a last-resort treatment for multiantibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections in humans. However, its oral administration to livestock and poultry results in the introduction of large amounts of colistin to the environment, potentially inducing the prevalence of resistant bacteria and impacting the ecological environment.

ANTIBIOTICS-BASEL (2021)

Article Genetics & Heredity

Destination shapes antibiotic resistance gene acquisitions, abundance increases, and diversity changes in Dutch travelers

Alaric W. D'Souza et al.

Summary: The study found that international travel significantly increased the abundance and diversity of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes in the travelers' gut resistome, leading to the acquisition of various resistant genes. The shaping of the gut resistome by travel was closely associated with geographical destinations, with individuals returning from the same destination country more likely to have similar resistome features.

GENOME MEDICINE (2021)

Article Microbiology

First IncHI2 Plasmid Carrying mcr-9.1, blaVIM-1, and Double Copies of blaKPC-3 in a Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli Human Isolate

Serena Simoni et al.

Summary: The coexistence of carbapenem and colistin resistance genes in a single plasmid presents a significant concern for future clinical therapies.

MSPHERE (2021)

Article Immunology

Prevalence and risk analysis of mobile colistin resistance and extended-spectrum β-lactamase genes carriage in pet dogs and their owners: a population based cross-sectional study

Lei Lei et al.

Summary: The study found a significant correlation between mcr-1 carriage in dogs and their owners, while bla (CTX-M) carriage in dogs was associated with antibiotic use in the previous three months. Although the prevalence of identical strains in one family is rare, the large number of dog ownership worldwide suggests that this threat should not be underestimated.

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First three Escherichia coli isolates harbouring mcr-1 in Uruguay

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Prevalence and coexistence of mcr-1 and ESBL producing Escherichia coli isolated from poultry and environmental water from Pakistan

M. U. Qamar et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2020)

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Colistin Update on Its Mechanism of Action and Resistance, Present and Future Challenges

Ferdinando F. Andrade et al.

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Issmat I. Kassem et al.

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Elimination of the risks of colistin resistance gene (mcr-1) in livestock manure during composting

Yanzheng Gao et al.

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Colistin-Resistant mcr-Positive Enterobacteriaceae in Fresh Vegetables, an Increasing Infectious Threat in China

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Ruichao Li et al.

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Global geographic trends in antimicrobial resistance: the role of international travel

Isabel Frost et al.

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Molecular mechanisms related to colistin resistance in Enterobacteriaceae

Zahra Aghapour et al.

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Loss of mcr Genes Mediated by Plasmid Elimination and ISApl1

Pei Zhang et al.

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Plasmid-Mediated mcr-1 Colistin Resistance in Escherichia coli from a Black Kite in Russia

Hassan Tarabai et al.

ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY (2019)

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Genetic analysis of the first mcr-1 positive Escherichia coli isolate collected from an outpatient in Chile

Camila Gutierrez et al.

BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2019)

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Carbapenem and colistin resistance in Enterobacteriaceae in Southeast Asia: Review and mapping of emerging and overlapping challenges

Marissa D. Malchione et al.

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Heterogeneous resistance to colistin in Enterobacter cloacae complex due to a new small transmembrane protein

Liang Huang et al.

JOURNAL OF ANTIMICROBIAL CHEMOTHERAPY (2019)

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First clinical isolate of Escherichia coli harboring mcr-1 gene in Mexico

Jocelin Merida-Vieyra et al.

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Acquisition of mcr-1 and Cocarriage of Virulence Genes in Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli Isolates from Municipal Wastewater Influents in Japan

Wataru Hayashi et al.

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Prevalence Of mcr-1 Among Cefotaxime-Resistant Commensal Escherichia coli In Residents Of Vietnam

Ryuji Kawahara et al.

INFECTION AND DRUG RESISTANCE (2019)

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Human exposure to antibiotic resistant-Escherichia coli through irrigated lettuce

E. O'Flahertya et al.

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The use of polymyxins to treat carbapenem resistant infections in neonates and children

Reenu Thomas et al.

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Fereshteh Ezadi et al.

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Yu-Zhang He et al.

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Mariem Saidani et al.

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Edgarthe Priscilla Ngaiganam et al.

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Epidemic spread of Escherichia coli ST744 isolates carrying mcr-3 and bla(CTX-M-55) in cattle in France

Marisa Haenni et al.

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Chromosomally Encoded mcr-5 in Colistin-Nonsusceptible Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Erik Snesrud et al.

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Yiyun Liu et al.

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Ruichao Li et al.

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Co-occurrence of mcr-1 in the chromosome and on an IncHI2 plasmid: persistence of colistin resistance in Escherichia coli

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Digestive tract colonization by multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in travellers: An update

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Housefly (Musca domestica) and Blow Fly (Protophormia terraenovae) as Vectors of Bacteria Carrying Colistin Resistance Genes

Jilei Zhang et al.

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Detection of the high-risk clone ST131 of Escherichia coli carrying the colistin resistance gene mcr-1 and causing acute peritonitis

Victoria Ortiz de la Tabla et al.

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Colistin resistance gene mcr-1 in gut flora of children

Yan-yan Hu et al.

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mcr-1 and mcr-2 variant genes identified in Moraxella species isolated from pigs in Great Britain from 2014 to 2015

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Rong Zhang et al.

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Jian Sun et al.

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Continental-scale pollution of estuaries with antibiotic resistance genes

Yong-Guan Zhu et al.

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Locally Acquired mcr-1 in Escherichia coli, Australia, 2011 and 2013

Justin A. Ellem et al.

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mcr-1 in Enterobacteriaceae from Companion Animals, Beijing, China, 2012-2016

Lei Lei et al.

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High Incidence of Escherichia coli Strains Coharboring mcr-1 and blaNDM from Chickens

Bao-Tao Liu et al.

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mcr-1 is borne by highly diverse Escherichia coli isolates since 2004 in food-producing animals in Europe

F. El Garch et al.

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Zoonotic Transmission of mcr-1 Colistin Resistance Gene from Small-Scale Poultry Farms, Vietnam

Nguyen Vinh Trung et al.

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Emergence of Plasmid-Mediated Colistin Resistance Gene mcr-1 in a Clinical Escherichia coli Isolate from Egypt

Shimaa S. Elnahriry et al.

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mcr-1 in Multidrug-Resistant blaKPC-2-Producing Clinical Enterobacteriaceae Isolates in Singapore

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Travelers Can Import Colistin-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae, Including Those Possessing the Plasmid-Mediated mcr-1 Gene

Odette J. Bernasconi et al.

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Amino Acid Substitutions of CrrB Responsible for Resistance to Colistin through CrrC in Klebsiella pneumoniae

Yi-Hsiang Cheng et al.

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A Model for Transposition of the Colistin Resistance Gene mcr-1 by ISApl1

Erik Snesrud et al.

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Characterisation of the plasmid-mediated colistin resistance gene mcr-1 in Escherichia coli isolated from animals in Egypt

Hazim O. Khalifa et al.

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Sophie Baron et al.

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Agnes Sonnevend et al.

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Location of colistin resistance gene mcr-1 in Enterobacteriaceae from livestock and meat

Kees Veldman et al.

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China bans colistin as a feed additive for animals

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