Survival strategy of comammox bacteria in a wastewater nutrient removal system with sludge fermentation liquid as additional carbon source

Complete ammonia oxidizing (comammox) bacteria are frequently detected in wastewater biological nutrient removal (BNR) systems. This study identified Candidatus Nitrospira nitrosa-like comammox bacteria as the predominant ammonia oxidizers (97.5-99.4%) in a lab-scale BNR system with acetate and sludge fermentation liquid as external carbon sources. The total nitrogen and phosphorus removals of the system were 75.9% and 86.9% with minimal N2O emission (0.27%). Low ammonia concentration, mixotrophic growth potentials and metabolic interactions with diverse heterotrophs collectively contributed to the survival of comammox bacteria in the system. The recovered draft genomes of comammox bacteria indicated their potentials in using acetate and propionate but not butyrate. Acetate and propionate indeed stimulated the transcription of comammox amoA genes (up-regulated by 4.1 folds compared with no organic addition), which was positively correlated with the ammonia oxidation rate of the community (r = 0.75, p < 0.05). Comammox bacteria could provide vitamins/cofactors (e.g., cobalamin and biotin) to heterotrophs (e.g., Burkholderiaceae), and in return receive amino acids (e.g., phenylalanine and tyrosine) from heterotrophs, which they cannot synthesize. Compared with comammox bacteria, ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) exhibited lower metabolic versatility, and lacked more pathways for the synthesis of amino acids and vitamin/cofactors, leading to their washout in the studied system. BNRs with comammox bacteria as the major nitrifiers hold great potentials in achieving superior performance at low aeration cost and low N2O emission and at full-scale plants. (C) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Automated summary

This study identified Candidatus Nitrospira nitrosa-like comammox bacteria as the predominant ammonia oxidizers in a lab-scale BNR system, with the potential to use acetate and propionate, stimulate ammonia oxidation rate, and interact metabolically with heterotrophs. Comammox bacteria have shown to provide vitamins/cofactors to heterotrophs and receive amino acids in return, contributing to their survival in the system and outcompeting ammonia oxidizing bacteria. Systems with comammox bacteria as the major nitrifiers have great potential for superior performance with low aeration cost and N2O emission at full-scale plants.