期刊
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
卷 818, 期 -, 页码 -出版社
ELSEVIER
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151849
关键词
Household air pollution; Exposure; Measurement; Black Carbon; Fine particulate matter
资金
- MaryWBurke endowed chair of the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Ontario
- Population Health Research Institute
- Hamilton Health Sciences Research Institute (HHSRI)
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research
- Heart and Stroke Foundation of Ontario
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research's Strategy for Patient Oriented Research, through the Ontario SPOR Support Unit
- Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care
- AstraZeneca Canada
- Sanofi-Aventis (France)
- Sanofi-Aventis (Canada)
- Boehringer Ingelheim (Germany)
- Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada)
- Servier
- GlaxoSmithKline
- Novartis
- King Pharmaceuticals
- Fundacion ECLA (Estudios Clinicos Latino America)
- Independent University, Bangladesh
- Mitra and Associates
- Unilever Health Institute, Brazil
- Dairy Farmers of Canada
- National Dairy Council (U.S.)
- Public Health Agency of Canada
- Champlain Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Network
- Universidad de La Frontera [DI13-PE11]
- National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and ThinkTank Research Center for Health Development
- COLCIENCIAS [6566-04-18062, 6517-777-58228]
- Indian Council of Medical Research
- Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia [100-IRDC/BIOTEK 16/6/21 [13/2007], 07-05-IFNBPH 010]
- Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia [600-RMI/LRGS/5/3 [2/2011]]
- Universiti Teknologi MARA
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia [UKM-Hejim-Komuniti- 15-2010]
- United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East, occupied Palestinian territory
- International Development Research Centre, Canada
- Philippine Council for Health Research and Development
- Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education [290/ W-PURE/2008/0]
- Wroclaw Medical University
- Saudi Heart Association
- Saudi Gastroenterology Association
- Dr. Mohammad Alfagih Hospital
- Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia [RG1436-013]
- North-West University, SA
- Netherlands Programme for Alternative Development
- National Research Foundation
- South African Medical Research Council
- South Africa Sugar Association
- Faculty of Community and Health Sciences
- Swedish state under the Agreement concerning research and education of doctors
- Swedish Heart and Lung Foundation
- Swedish Research Council
- Swedish Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare
- King Gustaf V's and Queen Victoria Freemason's Foundation
- AFA Insurance
- Metabolic Syndrome Society
- AstraZeneca
- Sanofi Aventis
- external Rashid Al Maktoum Award For Medical Sciences and Dubai Health Authority, Dubai
This study investigated and analyzed the exposure to black carbon in household air pollution in low- and middle-income countries. The study found that various factors are associated with black carbon concentrations, such as fuel type, cooking time, and kitchen windows. The results of the study provide important information for future black carbon exposure assessments, health research, and policy-making.
Black Carbon (BC) is an important component of household air pollution (HAP) in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs), but levels and drivers of exposure are poorly understood. As part of the Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiological (PURE) study, we analyzed 48-hour BC measurements for 1187 individual and 2242 household samples from 88 communities in 8 LMICs (Bangladesh, Chile, China, Colombia, India, Pakistan, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe). Light absorbance (10(-5) m(-1)) of collected PM2.5 filters, a proxy for BC concentrations, was calculated via an image-based reflectance method. Surveys of household/personal characteristics and behaviors were collected after monitoring. The geometric mean (GM) of personal and household BC measures was 2.4 (3.3) and 3.5 (3.9).10(-5) m(-1), respectively. The correlation between BC and PM(2.5 )was r = 0.76 for personal and r = 0.82 for household measures. A gradient of increasing BC concentrations was observed for cooking fuels: BC increased 53% (95%CI: 30, 79) for coal, 142% (95%CI: 117,169) for wood, and 190% (95%CI: 149, 238) for other biomass, compared to gas. Each hour of cooking was associated with an increase in household (5%, 95%CI: 3, 7) and personal (5%, 95%CI: 2, 8) BC; having a window in the kitchen was associated with a decrease in household (-38%, 95%CI: -45, -30) and personal (-31%, 95%CI: -44, -15) BC; and cooking on a mud stove, compared to a clean stove, was associated with an increase in household (125%, 95%CI: 96,160) and personal (117%, 95%CI: 71, 117) BC. Male participants only had slightly lower personal BC (-0.6%, 95%CI: -1, 0.0) compared to females. In multivariate models, we were able to explain 46-60% of household BC variation and 33-54% of personal BC variation. These data and models provide new information on exposure to BC in LMICs, which can be incorporated into future exposure assessments, health research, and policy surrounding HAP and BC. (C) 2021 Published by Elsevier B.V.
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