Achieving net-zero greenhouse gas emission plastics by a circular carbon economy

Mitigating life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions of plastics is perceived as energy intensive and costly. We developed a bottom-up model that represents the life cycle of 90% of global plastics to examine pathways to net-zero emission plastics. Our results show that net-zero emission plastics can be achieved by combining biomass and carbon dioxide (CO2) utilization with an effective recycling rate of 70% while saving 34 to 53% of energy. Operational costs for net-zero emission plastics are in the same range as those for linear fossil-based production with carbon capture and storage and could even be substantially reduced. Realizing the full cost-saving potential of 288 billion US dollars requires low-cost supply of biomass and CO2, high-cost supply of oil, and incentivizing large-scale recycling and lowering investment barriers for all technologies that use renewable carbon feedstock.

Automated summary

Achieving net-zero emission plastics can be done by combining biomass and CO2 utilization with increased recycling rates, which can save a significant amount of energy. To realize the potential cost savings, it is important to lower production costs, incentivize large-scale recycling, and reduce investment barriers for technologies using renewable carbon feedstock.