Cranial neuropathies in advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: Neurological recovery after modern radiotherapy and systemic chemotherapy

Objectives: Cranial neuropathy is a common presenting symptom of advanced T4 nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Data on neurological outcomes after modern intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and chemotherapy are scarce. Materials and methods: Case records of consecutive T4 NPC patients who received definitive IMRT in two tertiary oncology centers in 2004-2019 were reviewed. Patterns of cranial neuropathies at disease presentation were recorded. Time to neurological recovery and the rate of subsequent re-palsy were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method. Clinical predictors were analyzed using multivariable Cox regression. Results: During the study period, 257 T4 NPC patients presented with 504 individual cranial neuropathies. The median time from neuropathy onset to NPC diagnosis was two months (IQR, 1-4 months). Cranial nerves (CN) VI (56.4%), V2 (47.9%), and V3 (29.2%) were most frequently involved. At a median follow-up of 6.4 years, the crude partial and full recovery rates of neuropathies were 111 (22%) and 289 (57.3%), respectively. CN III, IV, and VI had the highest 5-year full recovery rate (72.7%), followed by CN V1-3 (60.3%), XII (48.6%), and II (18.2%) (p < 0.001). Positive smoking history, optic nerve involvement, and longer duration of neuropathy were independent negative predictors for neurological recovery. After full recovery, re-palsy was observed in 6.9% (20/289) of the nerves, 60% of which co-occurred with local NPC recurrences. Conclusion: Durable recovery of most cranial neuropathies in advanced T4 NPC was observed in the era of modern IMRT and effective systemic chemotherapy. Both patient and disease factors affected the chance of neurological recovery. Re-palsy of recovered nerves should prompt careful evaluation for local recurrence. (c) 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Radiotherapy and Oncology 163 (2021) 221-228 This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Automated summary

In advanced T4 nasopharyngeal carcinoma, cranial neuropathies can be effectively treated with modern intensity-modulated radiotherapy and chemotherapy, leading to durable recovery in most cases. However, there is a risk of re-palsy in some patients, particularly those with a history of smoking, optic nerve involvement, and longer duration of neuropathy. Prompt evaluation for local recurrences is necessary for recovered nerves showing signs of re-palsy.