Synthesis, Characterization, and Photocatalytic H2-Evolving Activity of a Family of [Co(N4Py)(X)]n+ Complexes in Aqueous Solution

A series of [Co-III(N4Py)(X)](ClO4)n (X = Cl-, Br-, OH-, N-3(-), NCS- -kappa N, n = 2: X = OH2, NCMe, DMSO-kappa O, n = 3) complexes containing the tetrapyridyl N-5 ligand N4Py (N4Py = 1,1-di(pyridin-2-yl)-N,N-bis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)methanamine) has been prepared and fully characterized by infrared (IR), UVvisible, and NMR spectroscopies, high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HRESI-MS), elemental analysis, X-ray crystallography, and electrochemistry. The reduced Co(II) and Co(I) species of these complexes have been also generated by bulk electrolyses in MeCN and characterized by UVvisible and EPR spectroscopies. All tested complexes are catalysts for the photocatalytic production of H-2 from water at pH 4.0 in the presence of ascorbic acid/ascorbate, using [Ru(bpy)3](2+) as a photosensitizer, and all display similar H-2-evolving activities. Detailed mechanistic studies show that while the complexes retain the monodentate X ligand upon electrochemical reduction to Co(II) species in MeCN solution, in aqueous solution, upon reduction by ascorbate (photocatalytic conditions), [Co-II(N4Py)(HA)](+) is formed in all cases and is the precursor to the Co(I) species which presumably reacts with a proton. These results are in accordance with the fact that the H-2-evolving activity does not depend on the chemical nature of the monodentate ligand and differ from those previously reported for similar complexes. The catalytic activity of this series of complexes in terms of turnover number versus catalyst (TONCat) was also found to be dependent on the catalyst concentration, with the highest value of 230 TONCat at 5 x 10(-6) M. As revealed by nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopy measurements, the first electron-transfer steps of the photocatalytic mechanism involve a reductive quenching of the excited state of [Ru(bpy)(3)](2+) by ascorbate followed by an electron transfer from [Ru-II(bpy)(2)(bpy(center dot-))](+) to the [Co-II(N4Py)(HA)]+ catalyst. The reduced catalyst then enters into the H-2-evolution cycle.