4.7 Review

Andrographolide: A review of its pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, toxicity and clinical trials and pharmaceutical researches

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Article Oncology

Andrographolide Inhibits Proliferation of Colon Cancer SW-480 Cells via Downregulating Notch Signaling Pathway

Imran Khan et al.

Summary: The study demonstrated that andrographolide inhibits the growth of SW-480 cells by suppressing the Notch signaling pathway, inducing apoptosis, and inhibiting migratory and colony forming potential.

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Andrographolide suppresses NLRP3 inflammasome activation in microglia through induction of parkin-mediated mitophagy in in-vitro and in-vivo models of Parkinson disease

Sahabuddin Ahmed et al.

Summary: The communication between microglia activation and dopaminergic neuronal loss plays an important role in the progression of Parkinson's disease. Studying the NLRP3 inflammasome activation and its relation to mitochondrial dysfunction in microglia could provide insights into potential strategies to control neurodegeneration. Mitophagy regulation through Andrographolide treatment may help inhibit NLRP3 activation and rescue dopaminergic neuron loss.

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Article Biochemical Research Methods

Andrographolide Mitigates Unfolded Protein Response Pathway and Apoptosis Involved in Chikungunya Virus Infection

Swati Gupta et al.

Summary: The study suggests that andrographolide is a potential remedy for chikungunya virus infection, as it can suppress virus-induced ER stress and apoptosis.

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Article Oncology

Andrographolide Induces Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Arrest through Inhibition of Aberrant Hedgehog Signaling Pathway in Colon Cancer Cells

Imran Khan et al.

Summary: Andrographolide can repress colon cancer cell growth by inhibiting the Hedgehog signaling pathway, inducing apoptosis, and inhibiting cell migration.

NUTRITION AND CANCER-AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL (2021)

Article Substance Abuse

Andrographis paniculata and Its Main Bioactive Ingredient Andrographolide Decrease Alcohol Drinking and Seeking in Rats Through Activation of Nuclear PPARγ Pathway

Serena Stopponi et al.

Summary: Extracts from Andrographis paniculata have been shown to reduce alcohol consumption in msP rats by activating PPAR gamma, and also prevent relapse of alcohol seeking behavior. This suggests that PPAR gamma activation mediated by A. paniculata could be a potential therapeutic strategy for treating alcohol use disorder.

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

What dominates the changeable pharmacokinetics of natural sesquiterpene lactones and diterpene lactones: a review focusing on absorption and metabolism

Ziwei Yu et al.

Summary: This review examines the pharmacokinetic characteristics of sesquiterpene lactones (STLs) and diterpene lactones (DTLs), showing that differences in treatment regimens and subjects can alter their absorption and metabolism, with emphasis on the impact of intestinal permeability, gastrointestinal pH, and efflux transporters. The metabolic behavior of the lactone ring, particularly the alpha, beta-unsaturated lactone moiety, plays a significant role in their metabolism, with phase I and II biotransformation involving enzymes like CYP450s and UGTs.

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Influence of common dietary supplements (curcumin, andrographolide, and d-limonene) on the radiobiological responses of p53-competent colonic cancer epithelial cells

Dusan Vukmirovic et al.

Summary: The study aimed to investigate the radiomodulatory effects of curcumin, andrographolide, and d-limonene on human colonic epithelial cells, but found that they did not show significant radioprotective or radiomitigative properties. D-limonene was found to induce radiosensitization in post-irradiation administration. However, all three compounds did not modulate radiation-induced bystander signal production and response in the cells.

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Review Biochemical Research Methods

Andrographolide: A Review of Analytical Methods

Rashmi Patil et al.

Summary: Andrographolide, a bicyclic diterpenoid lactone, is considered a natural antibiotic with various bioactivities such as anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antineoplastic, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, and hypoglycaemic properties. This article reviews analytical methods for andrographolide in biological samples, pharmaceutical formulations, and plant materials, including spectrophotometry, chemiluminescence method, electroanalytical method, chromatography, and hyphenated techniques.

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Andrographolide restores glucose uptake in rat hippocampal neurons

Camila Gherardelli et al.

Summary: Cerebral glucose hypometabolism is a common feature in many neurodegenerative diseases, and it has been shown that metabolic disturbances precede clinical symptoms. Andrographolide can enhance neuronal glucose uptake and metabolism, dependent on the activity of AMP-activated protein kinase.

JOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY (2021)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Andrographolide, an Anti-Inflammatory Multitarget Drug: All Roads Lead to Cellular Metabolism

Rafael Agustin Burgos et al.

Summary: Andrographolide, the main active ingredient isolated from Andrographis paniculata, possesses diverse biological effects including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antineoplastic properties. Its targets include transcription factors NF-kappa B, AP-1, and HIF-1, as well as signaling pathways such as PI3K/Akt, MAPK, and JAK/STAT. The increase in Nrf2 signaling pathway supports its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, while recent evidence suggests that andrographolide may modulate glucose metabolism, potentially explaining its diverse therapeutic effects.

MOLECULES (2021)

Article Veterinary Sciences

Andrographolide attenuates inflammatory response induced by LPS via activating Nrf2 signaling pathway in bovine endometrial epithelial cells

Kaiqiang Fu et al.

Summary: Andrographolide exhibits significant anti-inflammatory effects in the LPS-induced inflammatory response of bEECs by reducing the production of inflammatory factors through the activation of Nrf2.

RESEARCH IN VETERINARY SCIENCE (2021)

Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Andrographolide inhibits IL-1β release in bone marrow-derived macrophages and monocyte infiltration in mouse knee joints induced by monosodium urate

Chia-Wen Lo et al.

Summary: The study aimed to investigate the effects of Andrographolide (AND) on gout-induced joint inflammation. The results demonstrated that AND attenuated MSU-induced joint inflammation by inducing HO-1 expression and inhibiting ROS-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome assembly and subsequent IL-1 beta release.

TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY (2021)

Article Genetics & Heredity

Genomic Characterization of WRKY Transcription Factors Related to Andrographolide Biosynthesis in Andrographis paniculata

Rongrong Zhang et al.

Summary: This study systematically identified WRKY transcription factors related to andrographolide biosynthesis and found that 7 WRKY genes may regulate the biosynthesis of andrographolide. This research lays a foundation for understanding the regulatory mechanism of andrographolide biosynthesis.

FRONTIERS IN GENETICS (2021)

Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Encapsulation of Andrographolide in poly(lactide-co-glycolide) Nanoparticles: Formulation Optimization and in vitro Efficacy Studies

Bukola A. Oseni et al.

Summary: Andrographolide, a potential chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agent, was encapsulated in PLGA nanoparticles using emulsion solvent evaporation technique to improve its therapeutic efficacy. The optimal formulation, with a polymer ratio of 85:15 lactide to glycolide and ethyl acetate as the organic solvent, demonstrated sustained release of the drug and significantly enhanced in vitro anticancer efficacy compared to free drug in a metastatic breast cancer cell line. Further in-depth efficacy studies are warranted for the nanoparticle formulation of andrographolide.

FRONTIERS IN BIOENGINEERING AND BIOTECHNOLOGY (2021)

Article Fisheries

Effects of andrographolide on lipopolysaccharide-induced serum biochemical indices, immune responses and intestinal inflammation related to gene expression of Monopterus albus

Yong Shi et al.

Summary: The study revealed that andrographolide can accelerate the recovery of serum indices and intestinal gene expression levels in Monopterus albus after LPS injection, effectively alleviating immune stress and inflammatory response.

AQUACULTURE RESEARCH (2021)

Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Synergistic potential of dual andrographolide and melatonin targeting of metastatic colon cancer cells: Using the Chou-Talalay combination index method

Vivekjyoti Banerjee et al.

Summary: This research evaluated the synergistic effects of andrographolide (AGP) and melatonin (MLT) on metastatic colon cancer cells (mCRC) and colospheroids, demonstrating a synergistic relationship based on quantitative assessment of cell viability. The combination of AGP and MLT showed promising results in inhibiting cancer cell growth, providing rationale for further exploration of this combination therapy for colorectal cancer.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY (2021)

Review Plant Sciences

Anticancer potential of andrographolide from Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees and its mechanisms of action

Zoya Malik et al.

Summary: This review emphasizes the medicinal importance of Andrographis paniculata and its phytoconstituent andrographolide, particularly focusing on its anticancer activity, mechanisms of action, biopharmaceutical properties, and development as an adjuvant therapy for cancer treatment. Various anticancer mechanisms of andrographolide have been identified, as well as efforts to improve its bioavailability through novel formulations.

JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY (2021)

Review Plant Sciences

Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees and its major constituent andrographolide as potential antiviral agents

Maoyuan Jiang et al.

Summary: Andrographis paniculata is widely used in subtropical regions for treating various ailments and has potential antiviral properties.

JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY (2021)

Article Plant Sciences

Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Activity of Andrographis paniculata Extract and Its Major Component Andrographolide in Human Lung Epithelial Cells and Cytotoxicity Evaluation in Major Organ Cell Representatives

Khanit Sa-ngiamsuntorn et al.

Summary: This study investigated the anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of Andrographis paniculata extract and andrographolide in human lung epithelial cells, showing that they significantly inhibited the production of infectious virions with low cytotoxicity. These findings suggest that A. paniculata and andrographolide have potential as monotherapy or in combination with other drugs against SARS-CoV-2 infection.

JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS (2021)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

The Effects of Andrographolide on the Enhancement of Chondrogenesis and Osteogenesis in Human Suprapatellar Fat Pad Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Thitianan Kulsirirat et al.

Summary: Andrographolide can enhance osteogenesis and chondrogenesis of human mesenchymal stem cells from the suprapatellar fat pad, while suppressing adipogenic differentiation.

MOLECULES (2021)

Article Cell Biology

Inhibition of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS) by Andrographolide and In Vitro Evaluation of Its Antiproliferative and Proapoptotic Effects on Cervical Cancer

Akbar Pasha et al.

Summary: This study aimed to investigate the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in cervical cancer and identified a potential iNOS inhibitor. The research found that elevated iNOS levels were associated with poor survival and increased tumor aggressiveness in cervical cancer, and andrographolide may exert anti-cancer effects by inhibiting iNOS expression.

OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY (2021)

Review Chemistry, Medicinal

Andrographis paniculata (Burm. F) Wall ex Nees: Antiviral properties

Ashwini Khanderao Jadhav et al.

Summary: Andrographis paniculata is rich in molecules, particularly andrographolide and its derivatives, which exhibit diverse clinical properties such as antiviral, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory activities. However, the low bioavailability of andrographolide calls for the development of appropriate delivery systems to enhance its therapeutic potential. Further high-quality studies are necessary to establish the clinical efficacy of this plant.

PHYTOTHERAPY RESEARCH (2021)

Article Cell & Tissue Engineering

Andrographolide promotes proliferative and osteogenic potentials of human placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells through the activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling

Naruphong Phunikom et al.

Summary: Andrographolide (AP) has been shown to promote proliferation, osteogenic differentiation, and bone formation of placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells. It may be an effective novel agent for improving placenta-derived MSCs and stem cell-based therapy for bone regeneration. The compound enhances Wnt/beta-catenin signaling and osteoblast-specific gene expressions, promoting bone formation and increasing osteocalcin levels.

STEM CELL RESEARCH & THERAPY (2021)

Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Andrographolide Against Lung Cancer-New Pharmacological Insights Based on High-Throughput Metabolomics Analysis Combined with Network Pharmacology

Wen Luo et al.

Summary: The study found that Andro exhibited significant protective effects against lung cancer, and metabolomics combined with network pharmacology analysis provided insight into its therapeutic mechanisms.

FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY (2021)

Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Positive Effect of Andrographolide Induced Autophagy on Random-Pattern Skin Flaps Survival

Jingtao Jiang et al.

Summary: Random-pattern skin flap replantation is commonly used for tissue reconstruction, and Andro has been shown to enhance flap viability by promoting angiogenesis, inhibiting apoptosis, and reducing oxidative stress. Additionally, Andro increases autophagy levels, which contribute to improved flap survival, and this effect can be reversed by the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine.

FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

A molecular dynamics simulation study of the ACE2 receptor with screened natural inhibitors to identify novel drug candidate against COVID-19

Neha Srivastava et al.

Summary: This study identified potential drugs against SARS-CoV-2, including cinnamic acid, thymoquinone, and andrographolide, which showed strong binding affinity to the ACE2 receptor. The molecular docking and MD simulation study helped understand the interactions between these compounds and the receptor binding site, providing insights for novel therapeutic interventions.
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Andrographolide upregulates protein quality control mechanisms in cell and mouse through upregulation of mTORC1 function

Naibedya Dutta et al.

Summary: Andrographolide activates HSF1 and NRF2 pathways to ameliorate protein aggregation induced cellular toxicity in PD models. It achieves these functions through mTORC1 activation via p38 MAPK and ERK pathways, and NRF2 activation via mTORC1-mediated phosphorylation of p62/sequestosome 1. The induction of ROS levels by andrographolide underlies these activities in different cell types.

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Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

The in vitro and in vivo study of novel formulation of andrographolide PLGA nanoparticle embedded into gelatin-based hydrogel to prolong delivery and extend residence time in joint

Thitianan Kulsirirat et al.

Summary: This study successfully prolonged the retention time of Andrographolide in the joint using PLGA nanocarriers and gelatin-based hydrogel, achieving sustained release for over 1 month. This provided a novel strategy for the local management of osteoarthritis disease.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICS (2021)

Review Plant Sciences

Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees: Traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological properties and quality control/quality assurance

Sunil Kumar et al.

Summary: Andrographis paniculata is a medicinal herb used in Asian countries for various diseases. This review provides information on its traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological properties, and chemical markers for quality control.

JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY (2021)

Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Optimization of Production Parameters for Andrographolide-Loaded Nanoemulsion Preparation by Microfluidization and Evaluations of Its Bioactivities in Skin Cancer Cells and UVB Radiation-Exposed Skin

Rathapon Asasutjarit et al.

Summary: The active compound Andrographolide was isolated from Andrographis paniculata, but its low water solubility posed challenges for product development. An AG-loaded nanoemulsion was prepared to address this issue. The study found that the optimized AG-NE had cytotoxic effects on skin cancer cells and improved skin disorders caused by UVB radiation.

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Polypharmacology of andrographolide: beyond one molecule one target

Quy T. N. Tran et al.

Summary: Andrographolide, a widely studied plant secondary metabolite, has diverse pharmacological targets associated with prevalent diseases. Despite documented efficacy in disease models, challenges such as multi-targeting properties and discrepancies in bioavailability have hindered its development as a therapeutic agent.

NATURAL PRODUCT REPORTS (2021)

Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Comparing the pharmacokinetics of 13α,21-dihydroeurycomanone and eurycomanone exclusively enriched in Eurycoma longifolia extracts and their spermatogenesis enhancement in andrographolide-induced oligospermia in rats

Wan-Jie Chung et al.

Summary: This study focused on the pharmacokinetics of DHY, an understudied constituent of Eurycoma longifolia, and compared its spermatogenesis enhancement property with the predominant EN. Despite DHY showing better oral bioavailability, EN exhibited higher efficacy in spermatogenesis enhancement, indicating that EN remains the main chemical contributor to plant bioactivity. DHY-F and EN-F could potentially improve Eurycoma longifolia as a phytomedicine for male infertility, particularly oligospermia.

JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACOLOGY (2021)

Article Plant Sciences

Andrographolide emeliorates maltol aluminium-induced neurotoxicity via regulating p62-mediated Keap1-Nrf2 pathways in PC12 cells

Jiaqi Lu et al.

Summary: The study revealed that Andro has potential therapeutic effects against aluminum-induced neurotoxicity by regulating the p62-mediated Keap1-Nrf2 pathways, significantly impacting cell viability and the expression levels of related proteins.

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Combination of system biology to probe the anti-viral activity of andrographolide and its derivative against COVID-19

Pukar Khanal et al.

Summary: The study reveals a strong interaction between andrographolide and its derivative 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide with COVID-19 associated target proteins, showing different immunoregulatory pathways.

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Andrographolide inhibits secretagogue-induced pseudo-allergic reaction

Zhi-Fang Lu et al.

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Andrographolide Reduces Neuroinflammation and Oxidative Stress in Aged Octodon degus

Carolina B. Lindsay et al.

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Effect of Andrographolide and Its Analogs on Bacterial Infection: A Review

Lulu Zhang et al.

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Antiproliferative and Apoptotic Properties Human Colon Cancer DLD1 Cell Line of Andrographolide Against

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Oral andrographolide nanocrystals protect liver from paracetamol induced injury in mice

Aalok Basu et al.

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Improvement of Oxazolone-Induced Ulcerative Colitis in Rats Using Andrographolide

Liuhong Zhang et al.

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Andrographolide promotes pancreatic duct cells differentiation into insulin-producing cells by targeting PDX-1

Shengmei Zhang et al.

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Ching-Chi Yen et al.

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Shaojian Chen et al.

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Andrographolide attenuates epithelial-mesenchymal transition induced by TGF-β1 in alveolar epithelial cells

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Andrographolide and its fluorescent derivative inhibit the main proteases of 2019-nCoV and SARS-CoV through covalent linkage

Tzu-Hau Shi et al.

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Andrographolide attenuates choroidal neovascularization by inhibiting the HIF-1α/VEGF signaling pathway

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Andrographolide modulates HNF4α activity imparting on hepatic metabolism

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From irreversible to reversible covalent inhibitors: Harnessing the andrographolide scaffold for anti-inflammatory action

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Andrographolide promotes skeletal muscle regeneration after acute injury through epigenetic modulation

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Andrographolide sulfate inhibited NF-κB activation and alleviated pneumonia induced by poly I:C in mice

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Andrographolide Protects Against Adverse Cardiac Remodeling After Myocardial Infarction through Enhancing Nrf2 Signaling Pathway

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Andrographolide induce human embryonic stem cell apoptosis by oxidative stress response

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Therapeutic potential of andrographolide-loaded nanoparticles on a murine asthma model

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Andrographolide Exerts Significant Antidepressant-Like Effects Involving the Hippocampal BDNF System in Mice

Jing-Jing Zhang et al.

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A review for the neuroprotective effects of andrographolide in the central nervous system

Jiashu Lu et al.

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Andrographolide Ameliorates Rheumatoid Arthritis by Regulating the Apoptosis-NETosis Balance of Neutrophils

Xiaohong Li et al.

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A proteomic analysis of the anti-dengue virus activity of andrographolide

Atchara Paemanee et al.

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Andrographolide, A Natural Antioxidant: An Update

Eugenie Mussard et al.

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Andrographolide is neither a human organic anion transporter 1 (hOAT1) substrate nor inhibitor

Yoong Min Chong et al.

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In Vitro Antiplasmodium and Chloroquine Resistance Reversal Effects of Andrographolide

Zaid O. Ibraheem et al.

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Andrographolide as a therapeutic agent against breast and ovarian cancers

Swarna Latha Beesetti et al.

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Beneficial effects of andrographolide in a rat model of autoimmune myocarditis and its effects on PI3K/Akt pathway

Qi Zhang et al.

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Andrographolide binds to ATP-binding pocket of VEGFR2 to impede VEGFA-mediated tumor-angiogenesis

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Andrographolide Inhibits Oxidized LDL-Induced Cholesterol Accumulation and Foam Cell Formation in Macrophages

Hung-Chih Lin et al.

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Andrographolide sensitizes prostate cancer cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis

Ruo-Jing Wei et al.

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Andrographolide suppresses TRIF-dependent signaling of toll-like receptors by targeting TBK1

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Andrographolide ameliorates silica induced pulmonary fibrosis

Sachin Karkale et al.

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Nanoemulsion as a strategy for improving the oral bioavailability and anti-inflammatory activity of andrographolide

Ching-Chi Yen et al.

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Novel nanocrystal-based solid dispersion with high drug loading, enhanced dissolution, and bioavailability of andrographolide

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Liposomal Codelivery of Doxorubicin and Andrographolide Inhibits Breast Cancer Growth and Metastasis

Xuejia Kang et al.

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Influence of andrographolide on the pharmacokinetics of warfarin in rats

Xiaoli Zhang et al.

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Andrographolide relieved pathological pain generated by spared nerve injury model in mice

Huang-Chi Wang et al.

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Deepika Godugu et al.

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Andrographolide inhibits chikungunya virus infection by up-regulating host innate immune pathways

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Andrographolide: antibacterial activity against common bacteria of human health concern and possible mechanism of action

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Andrographolide Induces Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis of Chondrosarcoma by Targeting TCF-1/SOX9 Axis

Huan-Tian Zhang et al.

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Clinical application analysis of andrographolide total ester sulfonate injection, a traditional Chinese medicine licensed in China

Ying Zhao et al.

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Andrographolide, a New Hope in the Prevention and Treatment of Metabolic Syndrome

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Andrographolide reduced VEGFA expression in hepatoma cancer cells by inactivating HIF-1α: The involvement of JNK and MTA1/HDCA

Liang Shi et al.

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Determination of andrograpolide sodium bisulphite in Beagle dog plasma by LC-MS/MS and its application to pharmacokinetics

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