The Effect of Goethites on the Polymerization of Glycine and Alanine Under Prebiotic Chemistry Conditions

After pre concentration of monomers, polymerization is the second most important step for molecular evolution. The formation of peptides is an important issue for prebiotic chemistry and consequently for the origin of life. In this work, goethite was synthesized by two different routes, named goethite-I and goethite-II. Although both samples are goethite, Far-FT-IR spectroscopy and EPR spectroscopy showed differences between them, and these differences had an effect on the polymerization of glycine and alanine. For the amino acid polymerization, three protocols were used, that resembled prebiotic Earth conditions: a) amino acid plus goethite were mixed and heated at 90 degrees C for 10 days in solid state, b) a wet impregnation of the amino acid in the goethite, with subsequent heating at 90 degrees C for 10 days in solid state, and c) 10 wet/dry cycles each one for 24 h at 90 degrees C. Experiments with glycine plus goethite-II, using protocols B and C, produced only Gly-Gly. In addition, for the C protocol the amount of Gly-Gly synthesized was 3 times higher than the amount of Ala-Ala. Goethite-I presented a decrease in the EPR signal, when it was submitted to the protocols with and without amino acids. It is probable the decrease in the intensity of the EPR signal was due to a decrease in the imperfections of the mineral. For all protocols the mixture of alanine plus goethite-I or goethite-II produced c(Ala-Ala). However, for wet/dry cycles, protocol C presented higher yields (p < 0.05). In addition, Ala-Ala was produced using protocols A and C. The c(Ala-Ala) formation fitted a zero-order kinetic equation model. The surface areas of goethite-I and goethite-II were 35 m(2) g(-1) and 37 m(2) g(-1), respectively. Thermal analysis indicated that the mineral changes the thermal behavior of the amino acids. The main reactions for the thermal decomposition of glycine were deamination and dehydration and for alanine was deamination.

Automated summary

Polymerization of amino acids on goethite minerals was studied using three different protocols resembling prebiotic Earth conditions. Results showed that the type of goethite mineral used and the specific protocol significantly influenced the products obtained. Additionally, changes in the EPR signal of the mineral were observed after interaction with amino acids.