4.7 Review

Origin and depositional history of platinum-group minerals in placers-A critical review of facts and fiction

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Low-temperature hydrothermal Pt mineralization in uvarovite-bearing ophiolitic chromitites from the Dominican Republic

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Summary: Platinum-group elements occur in ophiolitic chromitite in the Dominican Republic as platinum-group minerals in spatial association with hydrothermal minerals. The formation of PGMs is believed to be influenced by both magmatic and hydrothermal processes, with different types of PGMs identified in the chromitite samples. The crystallization temperature of uvarovite and chromian clinochlore suggests a hydrothermal alteration temperature range of 150-350 degrees Celsius, providing insights into the genesis of hydrothermal PGE mineralizations.

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Summary: The study investigates the variation in platinum-group elements in near-surface supergene ores of the Merensky Reef in South Africa, highlighting the low recovery rates due to complex distribution of platinum-group elements. The supergene ores mainly consist of relict platinum-group minerals and Pt-Fe alloys, resulting in only low recovery rates (around 40%) achieved. In order to achieve higher recovery rates, hydrometallurgical or pyrometallurgical processing would be required, but this is not economically viable with existing technology.

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Summary: The Onverwacht pipe in the Bushveld Complex is a large body of magnesian dunite that hosts platinum-bearing orebody. The mineralization is dominated by platinum group elements, with platinum being the most abundant, followed by other elements such as Rhodium, Palladium, and Ruthenium. The platinum group minerals in the ore were introduced in the form of nanoparticles and small droplets, which coagulated to form larger grains during the evolution of the mineralizing system.

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Summary: Significant PGE mineralization is found in the ultramafic rocks of the Owendale Complex in central New South Wales, Australia, with three types of mineralization identified. These include PGE mineralization associated with P-units, as well as low-Cu Pt and high-Cu Pt types of mineralization within dunites and wehrlites. The mineralization is characterized by varying grades of Pt, Pd, Cu, S, Se, Au, and PGMs.

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Summary: Ural-Alaskan type complexes are sources of unique placer platinum deposits, with platinum-group minerals largely restricted to chromitites in the complexes. The distribution of PGM in chromitites is sporadic without apparent regularity, and the role of chromian spinel and post-magmatic overprinting in PGE concentrations is poorly defined. Detailed studies of PGM assemblages and PGE geochemistry can provide insights into the distribution and processes responsible for PGE accumulation.

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Summary: This study presents new compositional and S-Os isotope data for primary Ru-Os sulfides within a PGM assemblage from placer deposits in Russia. The sulfur isotopes suggest a subchondritic source, while Os isotopes indicate a sub/chondritic source. The mineralogical and Os-isotope data point to a high-temperature origin for the PGM, with two contrasting sources for HSE in Ru-Os sulfides.

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Summary: Black sand beach placers from Kodiak, Sitkinak, and Tugidak Islands in Alaska have been intermittently mined for over 100 years, primarily for gold and minor platinum-group alloys. Studies on high-grade platinum-rich magnetic separates and black sand from Tugidak Island revealed various platinum-group minerals and base-metal sulfides in the alloy grains, suggesting a possible source related to quartz veins on Kodiak Island. This indicates a complex geological history involving subduction zone ophiolites and melange fault systems in the region.

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Supergene neoformation of Pt-Ir-Fe-Ni alloys: multistage grains explain nugget formation in Ni-laterites

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Weathering of PGE sulfides and Pt-Fe alloys in the Freetown Layered Complex, Sierra Leone

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Platinum group minerals (PGM) in the Falcondo Ni-laterite deposit, Loma Caribe peridotite (Dominican Republic)

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A. P. Kozlov et al.

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