The biogeography of infection revisited

Many microbial communities, including those involved in chronic human infections, are patterned at the micron scale. In this Review, we summarize recent work that has defined the spatial arrangement of microorganisms in infection and begun to demonstrate how changes in spatial patterning correlate with disease. Advances in microscopy have refined our understanding of microbial micron-scale biogeography in samples from humans. These findings then serve as a benchmark for studying the role of spatial patterning in preclinical models, which provide experimental versatility to investigate the interplay between biogeography and pathogenesis. Experimentation using preclinical models has begun to show how spatial patterning influences the interactions between cells, their ability to coexist, their virulence and their recalcitrance to treatment. Future work to study the role of biogeography in infection and the functional biogeography of microorganisms will further refine our understanding of the interplay of spatial patterning, pathogen virulence and disease outcomes. The distinct spatial patterning of microorganisms during infection can influence infection outcomes. In this Review, Azimi et al. detail the microbiogeography of human infections and discuss approaches to study the processes that influence polymicrobial patterning.

Automated summary

Microorganisms in infection exhibit spatial arrangement at the micron scale, which is increasingly recognized for its correlation with disease outcomes. Recent studies using advanced microscopy techniques have enhanced our understanding of microbial spatial patterning in infection, laying the groundwork for investigating the role of biogeography in disease development. Further experimentation has demonstrated how spatial patterning influences interactions between bacteria and their response to treatment.