pH-Responsive N∧C-Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Complexes: Synthesis, Photophysical Properties, Computational Results, and Bioimaging Application

Herein we report four [Ir(N<^>C)(2)(L<^>L)](n+), n = 0,1 complexes (1-4) containing cyclometallated N<^>C ligand (N<^>CH = 1-phenyl-2-(4-(pyridin-2-yl)phenyl)-1H-phenanthro[9,10-d]imidazole) and various bidentate L<^>L ligands (picolinic acid (1), 2,2 '-bipyridine (2), [2,2 '-bipyridine]-4,4 '-dicarboxylic acid (3), and sodium 4,4 ',4 '',4'-(1,2-phenylenebis(phosphanetriyl))tetrabenzenesulfonate (4). The N<^>CH ligand precursor and iridium complexes 1-4 were synthesized in good yield and characterized using chemical analysis, ESI mass spectrometry, and NMR spectroscopy. The solid-state structure of 2 was also determined by XRD analysis. The complexes display moderate to strong phosphorescence in the 550-670 nm range with the quantum yields up to 30% and lifetimes of the excited state up to 60 mu s in deoxygenated solution. Emission properties of 1-4 and N<^>CH are strongly pH-dependent to give considerable variations in excitation and emission profiles accompanied by changes in emission efficiency and dynamics of the excited state. Density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory (TD DFT) calculations made it possible to assign the nature of emissive excited states in both deprotonated and protonated forms of these molecules. The complexes 3 and 4 internalize into living CHO-K1 cells, localize in cytoplasmic vesicles, primarily in lysosomes and acidified endosomes, and demonstrate relatively low toxicity, showing more than 80% cells viability up to the concentration of 10 mu M after 24 h incubation. Phosphorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (PLIM) experiments in these cells display lifetime distribution, the conversion of which into pH values using calibration curves gives the magnitudes of this parameter compatible with the physiologically relevant interval of the cell compartments pH.

Automated summary

In this study, four iridium complexes containing cyclometallated N^C ligand and various bidentate L^L ligands were synthesized and characterized. These complexes exhibit moderate to strong phosphorescence in the 550-670 nm range, with emission properties strongly dependent on pH. The complexes localize in lysosomes and acidified endosomes within living cells, demonstrating low toxicity.