Occurrence of Fungicides in Vineyard and the Surrounding Environment

Seventeen fungicides were determined in different matrices from vineyard areas, including vine leaves, soils, grapes and water, using gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). For leaf analysis, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was performed evaluating different solvents. UAE was compared with other extraction techniques such as vortex extraction (VE) and matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD). The performance of the UAE method was demonstrated on vine leaf samples and on other types of samples such as tea leaves, underlining its general suitability for leaf crops. As regards other matrices, soils were analyzed by UAE and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), grapes by UAE and waters by SPE using cork as the sorbent. The proposed method was applied to 17 grape leaf samples in which 14 of the target fungicides were detected at concentrations up to 1000 mu g g(-1). Furthermore, the diffusion and transport of fungicides was demonstrated not only in crops but also in environmental matrices.

Automated summary

Seventeen fungicides were detected in various matrices from vineyard areas using gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was utilized for leaf analysis, demonstrating its suitability for leaf crops across different types of samples. The study also revealed the diffusion and transport of fungicides in both crops and environmental matrices.