Steroidal Antagonists of Progesterone- and Prostaglandin E1-Induced Activation of the Cation Channel of Sperm

The cation channel of sperm (CatSper) is the principal entry point for calcium in human spermatozoa and its proper func-tion is essential for successful fertilization. As CatSper is potently activated by progesterone, we evaluated a range of steroids to define the structure-activity relationships for chan-nel activation and found that CatSper is activated by a broad range of steroids with diverse structural modifications. By testing steroids that failed to elicit calcium influx as inhibitors of channel activation, we discovered that medroxyprogester-one acetate, levonorgestrel, and aldosterone inhibited calcium influx produced by progesterone, prostaglandin E1, and the fungal natural product l-sirenin, but these steroidal inhibitors failed to prevent calcium influx in response to elevated K+ and pH. In contrast to these steroid antagonists, we demonstrated for the first time that the T-type calcium channel blocker ML218 acts similarly to mibefradil, blocking CatSper channels activated by both ligands and alkalinization/depolarization. These T-type calcium channel blockers produced an insur-mountable blockade of CatSper, whereas the three steroids produced antagonism that was surmountable by increasing concentrations of each activator, indicating that the steroids selectively antagonize ligand-induced activation of CatSper rather than blocking channel function. Both the channel block-ers and the steroid antagonists markedly reduced hyperacti-vated motility of human sperm assessed by computer-aided sperm analysis, consistent with inhibition of CatSper activa-tion. Unlike the channel blockers mibefradil and ML218, which reduced total and progressive motility, medroxyprogesterone acetate, levonorgestrel, and aldosterone had little effect on these motility parameters, indicating that these steroids are selective inhibitors of hyperactivated sperm motility. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The steroids medroxyprogesterone acetate, levonorgestrel, and aldosterone selectively antagonize progesterone- and prostaglandin E-1-induced calcium influx through the CatSper cation channel in human sperm. In contrast to T-type calcium channel blockers that prevent all modes of CatSper activation, these steroid CatSper antagonists preferentially reduce hyperactivated sperm motility, which is required for fertilization. The discovery of competitive antagonists of ligand-induced CatSper activation provides starting points for future discovery of male contraceptive agents acting by this unique mechanism.

Automated summary

In this study, it was found that medroxyprogesterone acetate, levonorgestrel, and aldosterone selectively antagonize the calcium influx induced by progesterone and prostaglandin E1 through the CatSper cation channel in human sperm. Unlike T-type calcium channel blockers, these steroid antagonists preferentially reduce hyperactivated sperm motility, which is essential for fertilization. The discovery of these competitive antagonists provides a starting point for the development of male contraceptive agents acting through this unique mechanism.