GATM-Mediated Creatine Biosynthesis Enables Maintenance of FLT3-ITD-Mutant Acute Myeloid Leukemia

FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) is one of the most frequently mutated genes in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), with the most common mutation being internal tandem duplications (ITD). The presence of FLT3-ITD in AML carries a particularly poor prognosis and renders therapeutic resistance. New druggable targets are thus needed in this disease. In this study, we demonstrate the effects of de novo creatine biosynthesis upregulation by FLT3-ITD on AML sustainability. Our data show that FLT3-ITD constitutively activates the STAT5 signaling pathway, which upregulates the expression of glycine amidinotransferase (GATM), the first rate-limiting enzyme of de novo creatine biosynthesis. Pharmacologic FLT3-ITD inhibition reduces intracellular creatinine levels through transcriptional downregulation of genes in the de novo creatine biosynthesis pathway. The same reduction can he achieved by cyclocreatine or genetic GATM knockdown with shRNA and is reflected in significant decrease of cell proliferation and moderate increase of cell apoptosis in FLT3-ITD-mutant cell lines. Those effects arc at least partially mediated through the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway. This study uncovers a previously uncharacterized role of creatine metabolic pathway in the maintenance of FLT3-ITD-mutant AML and suggests that targeting this pathway may serve as a promising therapeutic strategy for FLT3-ITD-positive AML.

Automated summary

FLT3-ITD mutation in AML results in upregulation of de novo creatine biosynthesis through the STAT5 signaling pathway, leading to increased glycine amidinotransferase expression and higher creatinine levels. Inhibiting FLT3-ITD or targeting the creatine metabolic pathway can decrease cell proliferation and induce cell apoptosis in FLT3-ITD-mutant AML, potentially via the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway.