Recent advances on structural and functional aspects of multi-dimensional nanoparticles employed for electrochemically sensing bio-molecules of medical importance

A well framed electrochemical platform is necessary to detect efficiently molecules of clinical importance. Among several, uric acid, ascorbic acid and dopamine being found in the human body (metabolic pathway, blood and urine) can be correlated to many diseases like schizophrenia, Parkinson, hyperuricemia, etc. Conventional electrochemical techniques have associated bottlenecks related to sensitivity, selectivity, overlapping oxidation potential, interfering molecules, electrode fouling leading to false positive or negative results. Recent advances suggest the role of nanoparticles having various dimensions as 'electrode modifiers' to overcome these bottlenecks. The multidimensional nanoparticles could be categorized as zero, one, two and three-dimensional based on their structural conformation. Depending on the environment and interfering molecules surrounding an analyte, the choice of nanoparticles is extremely promising and could be Q-Dot, nanotubes, nanowires, nanosheets, nanochannels, nanocages and nanoflowers. Choosing the right nanoparticle could enhance the electrocatalytic activity due to high surface area, reduce interference by separating oxidation peaks and bear structural stability as well as biocompatibility for in-vivo applications. Current review additionally highlights enhancement of electrocatalytic activities using aptamers (in aptasensors) for signal amplification or 'greener materials' (clay, biowaste, eco-friendly solvents) for developing porous electrodes and synthesizing sensors with an eco-friendly approach.

Automated summary

A well-designed electrochemical platform is essential for efficient detection of clinically important molecules, with recent advancements suggesting the use of nanoparticles as electrode modifiers to overcome traditional technique limitations. The choice of nanoparticles, ranging from zero to three dimensions, can greatly enhance electrocatalytic activity and improve sensor performance. Additionally, the utilization of aptamers for signal amplification and 'greener materials' for electrode development highlights the potential for eco-friendly electrochemical applications.