期刊
LASER & PHOTONICS REVIEWS
卷 16, 期 3, 页码 -出版社
WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH
DOI: 10.1002/lpor.202100423
关键词
nonlinear optics; quantum spectroscopy; ultrafast quantum optics
资金
- National Science Foundation [CHE-1953045]
- University of Konstanz
- Baden-Wurttemberg Stiftung via the Elite Programme
- National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) - Korea government (MSIT) [2020R1A2C1008500]
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) [SFB 767, 425217212-SFB 1432]
- National Research Foundation of Korea [2020R1A2C1008500] Funding Source: Korea Institute of Science & Technology Information (KISTI), National Science & Technology Information Service (NTIS)
Electro-optic sampling is a new quantum technique that allows measurements of electric field fluctuations on subcycle time scales. By imprinting the fluctuations of a terahertz field onto the polarization properties of an ultrashort probe pulse, the statistics of the time-domain signal can be calculated, taking into account the quantum nature of the electric fields. The electro-optic process is described using a microscopic quantum theory, and the quantum response of the nonlinear medium is characterized by interactions mediated by terahertz vacuum fluctuations.
Electro-optic sampling has emerged as a new quantum technique enabling measurements of electric field fluctuations on subcycle time scales. In a second-order nonlinear material, the fluctuations of a terahertz field are imprinted onto the polarization properties of an ultrashort probe pulse in the near infrared. The statistics of this time-domain signal are calculated, incorporating the quantum nature of the involved electric fields right from the beginning. A microscopic quantum theory of the electro-optic process is developed adopting an ensemble of noninteracting three-level systems as a model for the nonlinear material. It is found that the response of the nonlinear medium can be separated into a conventional part, which is exploited also in sampling of coherent amplitudes, and quantum contributions, which are independent of the state of the terahertz input. Interactions between the three-level systems which are mediated by terahertz vacuum fluctuations are causing this quantum response. Conditions under which the classical response serves as a good approximation of the electro-optic process are also determined and how the statistics of the sampled terahertz field can be reconstructed from the electro-optic signal is demonstrated. In a complementary regime, electro-optic sampling can serve as a spectroscopic tool to study the pure quantum susceptibilities of matter.
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