Capillary Flow Characterizations of Chiral Nematic Cellulose Nanocrystal Suspensions

Studying the flow-induced alignment of anisotropic liquid crystalline materials is of major importance in the 3D printing of advanced architectures. However, in situ characterization and quantitative measurements of local orientations during the 3D printing process are challenging. Here, we report a microfluidic strategy integrated with polarized optical microscopy (POM) to perform the in situ characterization of the alignment of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) under the shear-flow condition of the 3D printer's nozzle in the direct ink writing process. To quantify the alignment, we exploited birefringence measurements under white and monochromatic light. We show that the flow-induced birefringence patterns are significantly influenced by the initial structure of the aqueous CNC suspensions. Depending on the CNC concentration and sonication treatment, various structures can form in the CNC suspensions, such as isotropic, chiral nematic (cholesteric), and nematic (gel-like) structures. In the chiral nematic phase, in particular, the shear flow in the microfluidic capillary has a distinct effect on the alignment of the CNC particles. Our experimental results, complemented by hydrodynamic simulations, reveal that at high flow rates (Er approximate to 1000), individual CNC particles align with the flow exhibiting a weak chiral structure. In contrast, at lower flow rates (Er approximate to 241), they display the double-twisted cylinder structure. Understanding the flow effect on the alignment of the chiral liquid crystal can pave the way to designing 3D printed architectures with internal chirality for advanced mechanical and smart photonic applications.

Automated summary

Studying the alignment of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) under shear flow conditions during the 3D printing process is crucial for the development of advanced architectures. This study used a microfluidic strategy combined with polarized optical microscopy (POM) to characterize the alignment of CNCs in real-time. Birefringence measurements under white and monochromatic light were used to quantify the alignment. The results showed that the initial structure of the CNC suspensions significantly influenced the flow-induced birefringence patterns. Understanding the flow effect on the alignment of chiral liquid crystals is important for designing 3D printed structures with internal chirality for advanced applications.