Emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants can potentially break set epidemiological barriers in COVID-19

Letter Immunology

Neutralization of Variant Under Investigation B.1.617.1 With Sera of BBV152 Vaccinees

Pragya D. Yadav et al.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

Article Immunology

Recent advances in SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein and RBD mutations comparison between new variants Alpha (B.1.1.7, United Kingdom), Beta (B.1.351, South Africa), Gamma (P.1, Brazil) and Delta (B.1.617.2, India)

Paulo R. S. Sanches et al.

Summary: New variants of SARS-CoV-2 Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Delta have rapidly spread in various countries, and mutations in the RBD spike protein may lead to increased infectivity compared to the Wuhan 2019 strain.

JOURNAL OF VIRUS ERADICATION (2021)

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Review Virology

SARS-CoV-2-specific virulence factors in COVID-19

Ashutosh Kumar et al.

Summary: Recent studies have identified specific virulence factors of SARS-CoV-2, including a unique cleavage site and special protease, which may give it an edge in infectivity and virulence. These findings help to explain the pathogenesis of COVID-19.

JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Demographic risk factors for COVID-19 infection, severity, ICU admission and death: a meta-analysis of 59 studies

Bart G. Pijls et al.

Summary: A systematic review and meta-analysis showed that men and patients aged 70 and above have a higher risk for COVID-19 infection, severe disease, ICU admission, and death. The study included 59 studies comprising 36,470 patients, with men having a higher risk for infection and severe disease, while patients aged 70 and above having a higher risk for all outcomes once infected.

BMJ OPEN (2021)

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Article Immunology

Evolutionary analysis of the Delta and Delta Plus variants of the SARS-CoV-2 viruses

Saathvik R. Kannan et al.

Summary: The study revealed differences in the mutational profile between Delta and Delta Plus variants, with Delta Plus having more high-prevalence mutations and unique signature mutations. Structural analysis showed that these mutations can weaken the interactions between the virus and antibodies.

JOURNAL OF AUTOIMMUNITY (2021)

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Article Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 Lineage — United States, December 29, 2020–January 12, 2021

Summer E. Galloway et al.

MMWR-MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Circulating SARS-CoV-2 spike N439K variants maintain fitness while evading antibody-mediated immunity

Emma C. Thomson et al.

Summary: SARS-CoV-2 virus can mutate and evade immunity, with mutations like N439K conferring resistance against neutralizing monoclonal antibodies and enhancing binding affinity to hACE2 receptor. Despite similar in vitro replication fitness and clinical outcomes compared to wild type, N439K mutation highlights the importance of ongoing molecular surveillance for guiding vaccine and therapeutic development and usage.

CELL (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Antibody resistance of SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.351 and B.1.1.7

Pengfei Wang et al.

Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic has had global repercussions, with promising vaccines and monoclonal antibody therapies. However, newly detected variants of SARS-CoV-2 present challenges to these treatment options.

NATURE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Genomic characterization and epidemiology of an emerging SARS-CoV-2 variant in Delhi, India

Mahesh S. Dhar et al.

Summary: Delhi experienced multiple severe outbreaks in 2020, reaching a seropositivity rate of >50% by 2021. The Delta variant's high transmissibility and immune evasion led to a surge in cases in Delhi.

SCIENCE (2021)

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Letter Pediatrics

Effect of the new SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.7 on children and young people

Sarah Brookman et al.

LANCET CHILD & ADOLESCENT HEALTH (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.351 and P.1 escape from neutralizing antibodies

Markus Hoffmann et al.

Summary: The emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants may exhibit resistance to existing neutralizing antibodies and treatments, which could have significant implications for pandemic containment efforts.

CELL (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Transmission, infectivity, and neutralization of a spike L452R SARS-CoV-2 variant

Xianding Deng et al.

Summary: A new SARS-CoV-2 variant named B.1.427/B.1.429 was identified in California, with increased transmissibility and carrying three mutations in spike protein, including L452R substitution. The variant emerged in May 2020 and became predominant in sequenced cases from September 2020 to January 2021. In vivo viral shedding was increased and antibody neutralization decreased, calling for further investigation.

CELL (2021)

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Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Vaccine-escape and fast-growing mutations in the United Kingdom, the United States, Singapore, Spain, India, and other COVID-19-devastated countries

Rui Wang et al.

Summary: The study reveals many mutations on the RBD of the S protein, with the majority strengthening the binding between the RBD and host ACE2, indicating an evolution towards more infectious variants. Additionally, certain mutations found in different variants may weaken the binding between the RBD and antibodies, potentially compromising existing vaccines and antibody therapies. The study also identifies potential vaccine escape mutations that could pose a threat to current vaccines and antibody treatments.

GENOMICS (2021)

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Article Cell Biology

Higher infectivity of the SARS-CoV-2 new variants is associated with K417N/T, E484K, and N501Y mutants: An insight from structural data

Abbas Khan et al.

Summary: The new variants of SARS-CoV-2 are more contagious and require further investigation on their interaction with the host receptor to identify new therapeutic options. Specific mutations in the Spike glycoprotein of the new variants may play a critical role in their unique pathogenicity.

JOURNAL OF CELLULAR PHYSIOLOGY (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Assessing transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7 in England

Erik Volz et al.

Summary: Genetic and testing data from England indicate that the SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.7 has a transmission advantage over other lineages, showing a rapid expansion during autumn 2020. Analysis of S gene target failures (SGTF) in community-based diagnostic PCR testing suggests that B.1.1.7 is more transmissible than non-variant of concern lineages and has a significant transmission advantage, with a reproduction number 50% to 100% higher. Additionally, cases of B.1.1.7 appear to include a larger share of under 20-year-olds compared to non-variant cases.

NATURE (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Vaccine Breakthrough Infections with SARS-CoV-2 Variants

Ezgi Hacisuleyman et al.

Summary: Despite evidence of vaccine efficacy, two fully vaccinated individuals developed mild symptoms of Covid-19 and were infected with variants of SARS-CoV-2. Sequencing of the virus isolates revealed novel mutations, highlighting the potential risk of illness post-vaccination and subsequent infection with variant virus. Efforts to prevent, diagnose, and characterize variants in vaccinated individuals are crucial.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Genomics and epidemiology of the P.1 SARS-CoV-2 lineage in Manaus, Brazil

Nuno R. Faria et al.

Summary: A new variant of concern, P.1, with 17 mutations including three spike protein mutations associated with increased binding to human ACE2 receptors, emerged in Manaus, Brazil between November 2020 and January 2021. Molecular analysis suggests P.1 may be 1.7- to 2.4-fold more transmissible and that previous infection may provide 54 to 79% protection against P.1 infection compared to other lineages. Enhanced global genomic surveillance of such variants is crucial for pandemic response.

SCIENCE (2021)

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News Item Medicine, General & Internal

Covid-19: Brazil's spiralling crisis is increasingly affecting young people

Luke Taylor

BMJ-BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

SARS-CoV-2 variants reveal features critical for replication in primary human cells

Marie O. Pohl et al.

Summary: This study characterized different SARS-CoV-2 isolates from major European clades during the early phase of the pandemic in 2020 and identified sequence features associated with distinct phenotypes, such as variations affecting replication in specific cell types. It highlights the importance of carefully monitoring newly emerging variants or potential variants of concern in SARS-CoV-2 stocks.

PLOS BIOLOGY (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Reduced neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617 by vaccine and convalescent serum

Chang Liu et al.

Summary: Recent study examined the neutralizing ability of monoclonal antibodies, convalescent and vaccine sera against the Indian variants B.1.617.1 and B.1.617.2, showing that the neutralization of these variants is reduced compared to the ancestral strains, without widespread antibody escape as seen in other variants like B.1.351.

CELL (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Medicinal

Key Interacting Residues between RBD of SARS-CoV-2 and ACE2 Receptor: Combination of Molecular Dynamics Simulation and Density Functional Calculation

Bahaa Jawad et al.

Summary: This study systematically analyzed the binding mechanism between the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 and the ACE2 receptor, identifying key interacting amino acids. The research confirmed key residues responsible for tight binding with ACE2 and slightly different interacting amino acids in the Alpha and Beta variants.

JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL INFORMATION AND MODELING (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Evidence for increased breakthrough rates of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern in BNT162b2-mRNA-vaccinated individuals

Talia Kustin et al.

Summary: Breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infections post-vaccination may be caused by B.1.1.7 or B.1.351 variants, indicating the importance of robust vaccination. Reduced vaccine effectiveness against these variants was observed in the study, highlighting the need for continued surveillance and enhanced vaccination efforts.

NATURE MEDICINE (2021)

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Review Microbiology

SARS-CoV-2 variants, spike mutations and immune escape

William T. Harvey et al.

Summary: The evolution of SARS-CoV-2 has been characterized by the emergence of mutations and variants that impact virus characteristics. Manufacturers are preparing for possible updates to vaccines in response to changes in the virus population, and it is crucial to monitor genetic and antigenic changes alongside experiments to understand the impacts of mutations.

NATURE REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

SARS-CoV-2 immune evasion by the B.1.427/B.1.429 variant of concern

Matthew McCallum et al.

Summary: The novel CAL.20C (B.1.427/B.1.429) variant carries spike protein mutations, resulting in reduced neutralizing titers in vaccinated individuals and convalescent individuals. The L452R mutation reduces neutralizing activity in RBD-specific monoclonal antibodies, while the S13I and W152C mutations lead to the total loss of neutralization in NTD-specific antibodies due to antigenic supersite remodeling.

SCIENCE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Effect of natural mutations of SARS-CoV-2 on spike structure, conformation, and antigenicity

Sophie M-C Gobeil et al.

Summary: SARS-CoV-2 variants with multiple spike mutations have increased transmission and resistance to antibodies. Research showed that these variants have enhanced receptor binding and a preference for receptor binding domain up states. Different variants exhibit different mechanisms for resistance to neutralizing antibodies, which helps explain their transmission and resistance.

SCIENCE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Structural basis for enhanced infectivity and immune evasion of SARS-CoV-2 variants

Yongfei Cai et al.

Summary: The study found that the B.1.1.7 variant has increased receptor binding affinity, while the B.1.351 variant has developed resistance to some neutralizing antibodies by reshaping antigenic surfaces on the spike protein.

SCIENCE (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Risk of hospital admission for patients with SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.7: cohort analysis

Tommy Nyberg et al.

Summary: The study evaluated the relationship between Covid-19 diagnosis and the B.1.1.7 variant of concern, finding a higher risk of hospital admission for individuals infected with the B.1.1.7 variant compared to wild-type SARS-CoV-2. This increased risk of severity may be specific to adults older than 30 years.

BMJ-BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL (2021)

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Article Cell Biology

SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.617 is resistant to bamlanivimab and evades antibodies induced by infection and vaccination

Markus Hoffmann et al.

Summary: The emergence of the B.1.617 variant in India may be responsible for the sharp increase in COVID-19 cases and deaths. B.1.617 shows increased efficiency in entering cells and evades antibody responses, contributing to its rapid spread.

CELL REPORTS (2021)

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Article Biology

Effects of common mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 Spike RBD and its ligand, the human ACE2 receptor on binding affinity and kinetics

Michael Barton et al.

Summary: The study analyzed the effects of mutations in the Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 on its interaction with ACE2, finding that most mutations increased affinity with ACE2. Two ACE2 mutations were also found to enhance binding with the Spike protein.

ELIFE (2021)

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Article Immunology

Clinical profile of hospitalized COVID-19 patients in first & second wave of the pandemic: Insights from an Indian registry based observational study

Gunjan Kumar et al.

Summary: The second wave of COVID-19 in India presented with a younger demographic, fewer comorbidities, and an increased frequency of presenting with breathlessness compared to the first wave.

INDIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL RESEARCH (2021)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

COVID-19 pandemic: insights into molecular mechanisms leading to sex-based differences in patient outcomes

Ashutosh Kumar et al.

Summary: Recent epidemiological studies have shown a distinct sex bias in COVID-19, with higher morbidity and mortality rates among men. Understanding the molecular mechanisms behind the sex differences in patient outcomes is crucial for developing tailored therapeutic approaches for the disease. Existing evidence for other respiratory viral infections provides important clues in exploring sex-related differences in COVID-19 pathogenesis.

EXPERT REVIEWS IN MOLECULAR MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Cathepsin L plays a key role in SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans and humanized mice and is a promising target for new drug development

Miao-Miao Zhao et al.

Summary: CTSL plays a crucial role in COVID-19 patients, with its levels positively correlated with disease severity. Research showed that CTSL promotes SARS-CoV-2 virus entry into cells, and the CTSL inhibitor amantadine can inhibit this process, providing a direction for the development of new anti-COVID-19 drugs.

SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION AND TARGETED THERAPY (2021)

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Review Immunology

Pathogenesis guided therapeutic management of COVID-19: an immunological perspective

Ashutosh Kumar et al.

Summary: The lack of standardized therapeutic approaches is a major factor contributing to the high mortality rate observed in the COVID-19 pandemic. While there are currently no specific drugs or vaccines available, initial results from ongoing clinical trials have provided some hope. Insights from emerging empirical evidence on host-virus interactions are being used to explore potential pathogenic mechanisms and suitable therapeutic approaches for COVID-19.

INTERNATIONAL REVIEWS OF IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences