Current status on designing of dual Z-scheme photocatalysts for energy and environmental applications

Growing pollution and high energy demand are some of the major issues against humans. Water pollution is one of the main problems created due to industrial waste and irresponsible human activities. Nowadays, photocatalysis is rising as an efficient alternative to overcome the energy requirement and water purification, as it can use solar light as a source of energy. Due to some limitations of photocatalysts, such as photocarriers recombination, low surface area, and limited light absorption, modifications such as defect modifications, heterojunction can be employed. Out of all, Z-scheme heterojunction is a proficient way to overwhelm the limitation of pristine photocatalysts. To enhance the activity of Z scheme photocatalyst, even more, a dual Z-scheme photocatalytic scheme has been developed in which two Z-scheme based charge transfer occur simultaneously on a ternary photocatalyst. In this review, we have discussed the different types of dual Z-schemes along with their application in water purification and finally, we have discussed the future prospects for further research. CO 2021 The Korean Society of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Automated summary

Growing pollution and high energy demand are major challenges for humans. Water pollution caused by industrial waste and irresponsible human activities is a significant problem. Photocatalysis, utilizing solar light as an energy source, is emerging as an efficient alternative for energy and water purification. However, photocatalysts face limitations such as photocarriers recombination, low surface area, and limited light absorption. Modifications like defect modifications and heterojunctions can be employed to overcome these limitations. Among them, the Z-scheme heterojunctions are an effective way to improve the performance of photocatalysts. To further enhance their activity, a dual Z-scheme photocatalytic scheme has been developed. This review discusses different types of dual Z-schemes and their applications in water purification, as well as future research prospects.