期刊
IET GENERATION TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION
卷 10, 期 3, 页码 585-593出版社
INST ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY-IET
DOI: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2015.0168
关键词
optimal control; quality of service; linear programming; electrical products; cold storage; refrigerators; load regulation; thermostatic load optimal multiservice allocation; thermostatically controlled load; short-term demand response; intrinsic flexibility; ancillary service; energy arbitrage; leaky storage unit; heterogeneous TCL device parameter; quality of service; TCL control strategy; TCL dynamics embedding; linear optimisation model; cold appliance clustering; refrigerator simulation
资金
- European Union [274387]
- EPSRC [EP/L014386/1, EP/I031650/1, EP/L019469/1, EP/K002252/1] Funding Source: UKRI
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council [EP/I031650/1, EP/L014386/1, EP/K002252/1, EP/L019469/1] Funding Source: researchfish
Collectively, thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) offer significant potential for short-term demand response. This intrinsic flexibility can be used to provide various ancillary services or to carry out energy arbitrage. This study introduces an aggregate description of the flexibility of a heterogeneous TCL as a leaky storage unit, with associated constraints that are derived from the TCL device parameters and quality of service requirements. In association with a suitable TCL control strategy this enables a straightforward embedding of TCL dynamics in optimisation frameworks. The tools developed are applied to the problem of determining an optimal multi-service portfolio for TCLs. A linear optimisation model is constructed for the optimal simultaneous allocation of frequency services and energy arbitrage. In a case study, optimal service allocations are computed for eight representative classes of cold appliances and the results are validated using simulations of individual refrigerators. Finally, it is demonstrated that clustering of appliances with similar capabilities can significantly enhance the flexibility available to the system.
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