A proper framework for studying noise from jets with non-compact sources

A quantitative assessment of the acoustic source field produced by a laboratory-scale heated jet with a gas dynamic Mach number of 1.55 and an acoustic Mach number of 2.41 is performed using arrays of microphones that are traversed across the axial and radial plane of the jet's acoustic field. The nozzle contour comprises a method of characteristics shape so that shock-related noise is minimal and the dominant sound production mechanism is from Mach waves. The spatial topography of the overall sound pressure level is shown to be dominated by a distinct lobe residing on the principal acoustic emission path, which is expected from flows of this kind with supersonic convective acoustic Mach numbers. The sound field is then analysed on a per-frequency basis in order to identify the location, strength, convection velocity and propagation angle of the various axially distributed noise sources. The analysis reveals a collection of unique data-informed polar patterns of the sound intensity for each frequency. It is shown how these polar patterns can be propagated to any point in the far field with extreme accuracy using the inverse square law. Doing so allows one to gauge the kinds of errors that are encountered using a nozzle-centred source to calculate sound pressure spectrum levels and acoustic power. It is proposed that the measurement strategy described here be used for situations where measurements are being used to compare different facilities, for extrapolating measurements to different geometric scales, for model validation or for developing noise control strategies.

Automated summary

This study evaluates the acoustic source field produced by a laboratory-scale heated jet with specific Mach numbers, using arrays of microphones traversed across the jet's acoustic field. The analysis identifies the dominant sound production mechanism and studies the spatial topography of the overall sound pressure level. By analysing the sound field on a per-frequency basis, unique data-informed polar patterns of sound intensity are revealed for each frequency, which can be accurately propagated using the inverse square law to gauge errors encountered when calculating sound pressure spectrum levels and acoustic power. The measurement strategy proposed in this study has potential applications in comparing facilities, extrapolating measurements to different scales, validating models, and developing noise control strategies.