Arjunolic acid from Cyclocarya paliurus ameliorates diabetic retinopathy through AMPK/mTOR/HO-1 regulated autophagy pathway

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Cyclocarya paliurus (CP) is a traditional Chinese herb and possesses a variety of biological activities including anti-hyperglycemia, anti-hyperlipidemia, antioxidant and anti-inflammation. Arjunolic acid (AA) is an abundant and bioactive ingredient in CP that shows significant protection against many metabolic diseases such as diabetic complication. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a serious complication of diabetes and may lead to vision loss. However, the protective effects and underlying mechanisms of AA against DR is not still understood. Aim of the study: We aimed to investigate whether AA activates AMPK/mTOR/HO-1 regulated autophagy pathway to alleviate DR. Materials and methods: In the study, the STZ-induced diabetic model of rats was established, and AA with 10 and 30 mg/kg dosages was given orally for ten weeks to investigate their effect on retinal injury of DR. H2O2-induced ARPE-19 cells were applied to evaluate anti-apoptosis and anti-oxidant effect of AA. Results: The results revealed that AA could prevent STZ-induced weight loss and increase the retinal thickness and nuclei counts. The level of HO-1 protein was upregulated both in vivo and in vitro. In addition, AA prevented retinal damage and cell apoptosis through the AMPK-mTOR-regulated autophagy pathway. Furthermore, anti-apoptosis capacity, as well as the expression of HO-1 and LC3 protein, were effectively locked by AMPK inhibitor dorsomorphin dihydrochloride (compound C). Conclusions: This finding implies that AA may be a promising candidate drug by protecting retinal cells from STZinduced oxidative stress and inflammation through the AMPK/mTOR/HO-1 regulated autophagy pathway.

Automated summary

The study aimed to investigate whether AA alleviates DR by activating the AMPK/mTOR/HO-1 regulated autophagy pathway. Results showed that AA could prevent retinal damage and cell apoptosis through the AMPK-mTOR-regulated autophagy pathway.