Effect of smoking on physical function in older adults: a Mendelian randomisation analysis

Background Smoking is widely known to be damaging to health. It greatly increases the risk of various cancers, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, and remains the leading preventable cause of morbidity and mortality in the UK. The article tested the hypothesis that smoking behaviour (either smoking or non-smoking) is associated with physical function, and assessed inferred causality using genetic predisposition to smoking behaviour as an instrumental variable. Methods and findings Data were drawn from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, waves 1-9 (mean age 65.8 years). Physical function was assessed by means of the body mobility and the activity of daily living indices. Polygenic scores for smoking behaviour were used as instrumental variables in a Mendelian randomisation framework. Instrumental variable estimators were used to examine causal effects. Among UK older adults (n=29 139), impaired physical function was significantly higher in (current) smokers compared with non-smokers. Relatively to non-smokers, smokers reported a higher level of impairment both in the body mobility index (beta=5.553; 95% CI 1.029 to 10.077) and in the activities of daily living index (beta=1.908; 95% CI 0.196 to 3.619). Conclusions This study demonstrates smoking behaviour to be a potential causal risk factor for physical function during ageing in the UK population. Accordingly, the benefits of smoking cessations may extend to physical function.

Automated summary

This article examines the impact of smoking behavior on physical function and uses genetic predisposition as an instrumental variable for causal inference. The results indicate that smoking is associated with impaired physical function in older adults in the UK.