Recent advancements in sampling, power management strategies and development in applications for non-invasive wearable electrochemical sensors

Wearable electrochemical sensors that can detect chemical analytes non-invasively are a fast developing next generation digital-health technology. Because of their excellent performance, intrinsic compactness, and low cost, electrochemical-based sensors are capable of detecting biomarkers through a non-invasive approach for the continuous monitoring of real-time health status, which holds a lot of potential as wearable sensors for a tremendous promise for a plethora of applications. These wearable electrochemical sensors have been incorporated into various materials systems and even directly on the epidermis for different monitoring purposes because of their unique potential to process chemical analytes in a minimal/non-invasive and non-obtrusive manner. With ongoing innovation and a focus on critical challenges, such minimal/non-invasive electrochemical biosensors are anticipated to open up a new exciting path in the field of wearable wireless sensing devices and body-sensor networks, and thus find abundant use in a wide range of personal healthcare monitoring as well as in sport and military applications. Hence, this review article examines current advancements and discoveries in the field of wearable biosensors, with a focus on a subset of these devices that can conduct very sensitive electrochemical analysis. Recent insights into novel sampling strategies, various electrochemical sensing mechanisms and power management techniques have been discussed in detail in this review article. Finally, present unmet challenges and opportunities in wearable electrochemical biosensors are explored to motivate future technological breakthroughs.

Automated summary

Wearable electrochemical sensors are a rapidly developing technology in digital health, with the ability to non-invasively detect chemical analytes. These sensors have excellent performance and low cost, making them ideal for continuous monitoring of real-time health status. This review article discusses the advancements in wearable biosensors, focusing on their electrochemical analysis capabilities. It also explores the challenges and opportunities in this field.