Oral colonization of Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans in children with or without fixed orthodontic appliances: A pilot

Background/purpose: Adolescents undergoing fixed orthodontic therapy have an increased risk of oral diseases due to additional plaque accumulation sites. However, the effect of fixed orthodontics appliances (FOAs) on the colonization of Candida albicans (Ca) and Streptococcus mutans (Sm), two synergistic oral pathogens, is largely unknown and was, therefore, the primary objective of this pilot investigation. Material and methods: Sixteen children aged 10-15 years were enrolled, nine in the FOA and seven in the control groups. Saliva and occlusal plaque were collected, and the Ca and Sm levels were quantified with a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay. Results: A trend of higher Ca levels was observed in the saliva and occlusal plaque of the FOA group, while the control group contained higher levels of Sm. Furthermore, for Sm levels, a positive correlation between saliva and occlusal plaque was shown in both the FOA and control groups; in contrast, Ca levels were negatively correlated between these samples only in the FOA group. Between Ca and Sm, a positive correlation was observed in saliva and occlusal plaque in the control group; however, this relationship was disrupted in the FOA group. Conclusion: Our preliminary study demonstrated that the presence of FOAs disturbs the colonization of Ca and Sm within the oral cavity. This perturbation might increase orthodontic patients' risk for Ca-and Sm-related diseases. (C) 2021 Association for Dental Sciences of the Republic of China. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Automated summary

This pilot investigation aimed to study the colonization of Candida albicans (Ca) and Streptococcus mutans (Sm) in adolescents undergoing fixed orthodontic therapy. The study found higher levels of Ca in saliva and occlusal plaque in the FOA group, while the control group had higher levels of Sm. Additionally, a disruption in the relationship between Ca and Sm was observed in the FOA group, indicating that the presence of FOAs disturbs the colonization of these pathogens in the oral cavity.