Growth, milk production, reproductive performance, and stayability of dairy heifers born from 2-year-old or mixed-age dams

Keeping replacement heifers that were the progeny of primiparous cows mated by artificial insemination enhances rates of genetic gain. Previous research has shown that heifers that were the progeny of primiparous cows were lighter at birth and grew at a slower rate to first calving compared with heifers born to multiparous dams. Furthermore, heifers that were heavier before first calving produced more milk than did lighter heifers. This study aimed to determine whether there were body weight, milk production, or reproductive disadvantages for heifers born from primiparous compared with multiparous dams. Data comprised body weight records from 189,936 New Zealand dairy heifers. Dams were allocated to 4 groups according to their age: 2 yr old (n = 13,717), 3 yr old (n = 39,258), 4 to 8 yr old (n = 120,859), and 9 yr or older (n = 16,102). Heifers that were the progeny of 2-yr-old dams were lighter from 3 to 21 mo of age than heifers that were the progeny of 3-yr-old and 4-to 8-yr-old dams. The progeny of 2-and 3-yr-old dams produced similar milk solids yields (+/- standard error of the mean) during their first lactation (304.9 +/- 1.6 and 304.1 +/- 1.5 kg, respectively), but more than that of 4-to 8-yr-old dams (302.4 +/- 1.5). Furthermore, the progeny of 2-yr-old dams had similar stayabilities to first, second, and third calving to that of the progeny of 4-to 8-yr-old and >9-yr-old dams. Reproductive performance, as measured by calving and recalving rates was similar in first-calving heifers of all age-of-dam classes. Additionally, second and third calving rates were similar for the progeny of 2-and 3-yr-old dams. Interestingly, the progeny of dams >9 yr old had the lowest milk solids production in first (297.8 +/- 1.6 kg), second (341.6 +/- 1.8 kg), and third lactations (393.2 +/- 2.4 kg). Based on the results of this study, keeping replacements from dams aged 9 yr and over could not be recommended. Furthermore, heifers born to 2-yr-old dams were lighter but produced more milk than heifers from older dams, in addition to having superior genetic merit.

Automated summary

Retaining replacement heifers born from primiparous cows mated by artificial insemination can enhance genetic gain rates. Although heifers born from primiparous cows may be lighter at birth and grow at a slower rate, they tend to produce more milk than heifers born from multiparous dams. Additionally, the reproductive performance and milk production of heifers born from primiparous dams are comparable to those born from multiparous dams.