Longitudinal Analysis of Inflammatory Response to SARS-CoV-2 in the Upper Respiratory Tract Reveals an Association with Viral Load, Independent of Symptoms

Article Immunology

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Viral Load in the Upper Respiratory Tract of Children and Adults With Early Acute Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)

Stephanie Baggio et al.

Summary: The study found that there were no significant differences in SARS-CoV-2 RNA loads between children and adults in the early stages of COVID-19.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Review Pathology

Immunopathology of Hyperinflammation in COVID-19

Joshua N. Gustine et al.

Summary: The rapid spread of COVID-19 has led to an unprecedented global public health crisis with recent studies suggesting that the hyperinflammatory syndrome induced by SARS-CoV-2 is a contributing factor to disease severity and mortality. Pathophysiological research shows that the hyperinflammatory syndrome in severe COVID-19 results from a dysregulated innate immune response. Current potential therapeutic approaches are being investigated to modulate the immune response and mitigate lung injury in severe COVID-19.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY (2021)

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Review Otorhinolaryngology

Anosmia: an evolution of our understanding of its importance in COVID-19 and what questions remain to be answered

Sven Saussez et al.

Summary: The study reviews the COVID-19 anosmia literature and investigates the reasons behind the high incidence of anosmia in COVID-19 patients, as well as the lower prevalence of anosmia in patients with more severe forms of the disease. Various hypotheses have been proposed to explain the etiology of olfactory dysfunction caused by the virus, including inflammation, cell injury, and neurotropism. The involvement of sustentacular cells with high ACE-2 expression levels is considered to be a main gateway for SARS-CoV-2 infection, leading to olfactory dysfunction. However, the question of why patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 have less olfactory involvement remains unresolved.

EUROPEAN ARCHIVES OF OTO-RHINO-LARYNGOLOGY (2021)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Sensitivity of nasopharyngeal, oropharyngeal, and nasal wash specimens for SARS-CoV-2 detection in the setting of sampling device shortage

Adrien Calame et al.

Summary: During the COVID-19 crisis, a cell culture medium was validated as a viral transport medium, with oropharyngeal swab and nasal wash specimens showing comparable clinical and analytical sensitivity to nasopharyngeal swabs for SARS-CoV-2 detection. This suggests that OP swabs and NW specimens could serve as suitable alternatives to NPS in the context of a shortage.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY & INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Article Respiratory System

Upper respiratory viral load in asymptomatic individuals and mildly symptomatic patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection

Sang Hyun Ra et al.

Summary: Asymptomatic individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection have comparable viral loads to symptomatic patients with COVID-19, indicating potential for transmission.

THORAX (2021)

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Review Immunology

The central role of the nasal microenvironment in the transmission, modulation, and clinical progression of SARS-CoV-2 infection

Oreste Gallo et al.

Summary: This study critically reviews the latest molecular and cellular findings on the mucosal response to SARS-CoV-2 in the nasal cavity and in NALT, and analyzes its impact on the subsequent course of COVID-19. The possibility of modulating the systemic inflammatory network against the virus starting from the initial phases of the nasal and nasopharyngeal response is explored, with potential clinical and epidemiological implications for mucosal vaccine development.

MUCOSAL IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Neurosciences

Olfactory transmucosal SARS-CoV-2 invasion as a port of central nervous system entry in individuals with COVID-19

Jenny Meinhardt et al.

Summary: The study demonstrates the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the nasopharynx and brain, suggesting the virus may enter the CNS through the olfactory mucosa. The virus utilizes the neural-mucosal interface in the olfactory mucosa to penetrate the nervous system, affecting various neuroanatomical areas, including the primary respiratory and cardiovascular control center.

NATURE NEUROSCIENCE (2021)

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Article Cell Biology

IgA dominates the early neutralizing antibody response to SARS-CoV-2

Delphine Sterlin et al.

Summary: The study found that humoral immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection are dominated by IgA antibodies, with specific IgA plasmablasts rapidly expanding shortly after symptom onset and peaking in the third week of the disease. Virus-specific antibody responses include IgG, IgM, and IgA, with IgA playing a greater role in virus neutralization compared to IgG.

SCIENCE TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Allergy

Systemic and mucosal antibody responses specific to SARS-CoV-2 during mild versus severe COVID-19

Carlo Cervia et al.

Summary: The study found that severe COVID-19 patients experienced a significant increase in SARS-CoV-2 antibody titers after symptom onset, especially with high IgA titers, while mild cases may exhibit transient production of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies. Interestingly, some healthcare workers with negative serum antibody titers showed SARS-CoV-2-specific IgA in mucosal fluids with virus-neutralizing capacity in some cases.

JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Immunology

In Nasal Mucosal Secretions, Distinct IFN and IgA Responses Are Found in Severe and Mild SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Juliana de Melo Batista dos Santos et al.

Summary: The study found higher levels of specific-SIgA for SARS-CoV-2 and cytokines (IFN-beta and IFN-gamma) in the airways mucosa of COVID-19 patients. IL-12p70 levels were observed to be increased in the group with other viruses, and significant differences were found in the immune responses of airway mucosa among different groups of patients with or without SARS-CoV-2 infection.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Immunology

Early nasal type I IFN immunity against SARS-CoV-2 is compromised in patients with autoantibodies against type I IFNs

Jonathan Lopez et al.

Summary: The nasal IFN-I/III signature in mildly symptomatic COVID-19 patients correlates with serum IFN-a(2) levels, while critically ill patients with autoantibodies against IFN-I showed low nasal IFN-I/III scores despite high viral loads. Functional assays confirmed the role of autoantibodies in compromising the antiviral effects of IFN-I at the early stages of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE (2021)

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Review Infectious Diseases

SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV viral load dynamics, duration of viral shedding, and infectiousness: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Muge Cevik et al.

Summary: This study aimed to characterize the viral load dynamics, duration of viral shedding, and viable virus shedding of SARS-CoV-2 in various body fluids. The findings suggest that while SARS-CoV-2 RNA shedding can be prolonged in respiratory and stool samples, the duration of viable virus shedding is relatively short-lived.

LANCET MICROBE (2021)

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Article Immunology

Leukocyte trafficking to the lungs and beyond: lessons from influenza for COVID-19

Ronen Alon et al.

Summary: The understanding of COVID-19 clinical manifestations requires knowledge of how immune cells are recruited to virus-infected lungs and how this recruitment varies among individuals. The orchestration of leukocyte trafficking to respiratory system is controlled by specific molecules, which can lead to pathological complications when uncontrolled. The incomplete understanding of trafficking signals in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection calls for further research for potential therapeutic interventions.

NATURE REVIEWS IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Detection of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) by real-time RT-PCR

Victor M. Corman et al.

EUROSURVEILLANCE (2020)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China

Chaolin Huang et al.

LANCET (2020)

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Letter Medicine, General & Internal

SARS-CoV-2 Viral Load in Upper Respiratory Specimens of Infected Patients

Lirong Zou et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

SARS-CoV-2 Reverse Genetics Reveals a Variable Infection Gradient in the Respiratory Tract

Yixuan J. Hou et al.

CELL (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Imbalanced Host Response to SARS-CoV-2 Drives Development of COVID-19

Daniel Blanco-Melo et al.

CELL (2020)

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Article Microbiology

Heightened Innate Immune Responses in the Respiratory Tract of COVID-19 Patients

Zhuo Zhou et al.

CELL HOST & MICROBE (2020)

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Article Otorhinolaryngology

Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions as a clinical presentation of mild-to-moderate forms of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a multicenter European study

Jerome R. Lechien et al.

EUROPEAN ARCHIVES OF OTO-RHINO-LARYNGOLOGY (2020)

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Review Immunology

Immunology of COVID-19: Current State of the Science

Nicolas Vabret et al.

IMMUNITY (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Single-cell landscape of bronchoalveolar immune cells in patients with COVID-19

Mingfeng Liao et al.

NATURE MEDICINE (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

SARS-CoV-2 entry factors are highly expressed in nasal epithelial cells together with innate immune genes

Waradon Sungnak et al.

NATURE MEDICINE (2020)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Validation of a commercially available SARS-CoV-2 serological immunoassay

B. Meyer et al.

CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTION (2020)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Viral kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 in asymptomatic carriers and presymptomatic patients

Seong Eun Kim et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2020)

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Review Immunology

Targeting GM-CSF in COVID-19 Pneumonia: Rationale and Strategies

Aldo Bonaventura et al.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

The molecular virology of coronaviruses

Ella Hartenian et al.

JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Immune complement and coagulation dysfunction in adverse outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection

Vijendra Ramlall et al.

NATURE MEDICINE (2020)

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Article Infectious Diseases

The kinetics of viral load and antibodies to SARS-CoV-2

Jiufeng Sun et al.

CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTION (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Impaired type I interferon activity and inflammatory responses in severe COVID-19 patients

Jerome Hadjadj et al.

SCIENCE (2020)

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Letter Respiratory System

Elevated ACE-2 expression in the olfactory neuroepithelium: implications for anosmia and upper respiratory SARS-CoV-2 entry and replication

Mengfei Chen et al.

EUROPEAN RESPIRATORY JOURNAL (2020)

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Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Kinetics of viral load and antibody response in relation to COVID-19 severity

Yanqun Wang et al.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

In vivo antiviral host transcriptional response to SARS-CoV-2 by viral load, sex, and age

Nicole A. P. Lieberman et al.

PLOS BIOLOGY (2020)

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Article Cell Biology

The differential immune responses to COVID-19 in peripheral and lung revealed by single-cell RNA sequencing

Gang Xu et al.

CELL DISCOVERY (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Upper airway gene expression reveals suppressed immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 compared with other respiratory viruses

Eran Mick et al.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2020)

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Article Microbiology

Daily Viral Kinetics and Innate and Adaptive Immune Response Assessment in COVID-19: a Case Series

Pauline Vetter et al.

MSPHERE (2020)

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Article Immunology

Interferon gamma, TGF-β1 and RANTES expression in upper airway samples from SARS-CoV-2 infected patients

Maria Caridad Montalvo Villalba et al.

CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

ACE2 localizes to the respiratory cilia and is not increased by ACE inhibitors or ARBs

Ivan T. Lee et al.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2020)

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Review Immunology

The trinity of COVID-19: immunity, inflammation and intervention

Matthew Zirui Tay et al.

NATURE REVIEWS IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

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Article Immunology

Progression of whole-blood transcriptional signatures from interferon-induced to neutrophil-associated patterns in severe influenza

Jake Dunning et al.

NATURE IMMUNOLOGY (2018)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

A Comprehensive Evaluation of Nasal and Bronchial Cytokines and Chemokines Following Experimental Rhinovirus Infection in Allergic Asthma: Increased Interferons (IFN-γ and IFN-λ) and Type 2 Inflammation (IL-5 and IL-13)

Trevor T. Hansel et al.

EBIOMEDICINE (2017)

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Article Critical Care Medicine

Mucosal Immune Responses Predict Clinical Outcomes during Influenza Infection Independently of Age and Viral Load

Christine M. Oshansky et al.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE (2014)

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Article Immunology

LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE CONCENTRATION IN NASAL WASH FLUID INDICATES SEVERITY OF RHINOVIRUS-INDUCED WHEEZY BRONCHITIS IN PRESCHOOL CHILDREN

Giulia Cangiano et al.

PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASE JOURNAL (2014)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Experimental Human Pneumococcal Carriage

Jenna F. Gritzfeld et al.

JOVE-JOURNAL OF VISUALIZED EXPERIMENTS (2013)

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Article Microbiology

Critical Analysis of Rhinovirus RNA Load Quantification by Real-Time Reverse Transcription-PCR

Manuel Schibler et al.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY (2012)

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Article Immunology

Differential production of inflammatory cytokines in primary infection with human metapneumovirus and with other common respiratory viruses of infancy

FR Laham et al.

JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2004)

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Article Virology

Symptom pathogenesis during acute influenza: Interleukin-6 and other cytokine responses

L Kaiser et al.

JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY (2001)

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Longitudinal Analysis of Inflammatory Response to SARS-CoV-2 in the Upper Respiratory Tract Reveals an Association with Viral Load, Independent of Symptoms

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