Efficient production of biodiesel with electric furnace dust impregnated in Na2CO3 solution

Solid catalyst (Na2CO3@EFD) was prepared by wet impregnation of electric furnace dust (EFD) in aqueous Na2CO3 solution. It had high basicity and acidity of 0.34 and 0.16 mmol/g for biodiesel production. High biodiesel yield of 99.8 wt% from soybean oil was obtained under the optimized reaction conditions (by Central Composite Design) of 71 C in 111.36 min with 5.4 wt% catalyst and methanol/oil molar ratio of 11.8/1. After 11 cycles, biodiesel yield still maintained at 90.8 wt% with catalyst recovery rate > 90 wt% by magnetic separation of catalyst EFD powders (containing Fe3O4 with magnetism of 59.1 Am-2/kg). Pure Na2CO3 particles presented poorer recyclability with lower biodiesel yield of 89.5 wt% even at the eighth cycle by centrifugal separation. Na2CO3@EFD catalyst had high activity and recyclability because: (i) EFD as support hosted nano particles of Na2CO3 (30.3 nm) as main base site for transesterification; (ii) porous EFD support provided acidic sites from metal oxides (e.g., ZnO and Al2O3) for esterification; (iii) EFD adsorbed active components into its micropores to maintain high recyclability; and (iv) EFD magnetism from magnetic Fe3O4 kept high efficient magnetic separation. Total metals in the blended biodiesel met the National Standard of China and heavy metals were lower than typical petrochemical diesel. The study gave a practical use of industrial solid waste for the green production of biodiesel.

Automated summary

A solid catalyst Na2CO3@EFD was prepared from electric furnace dust (EFD) and used for biodiesel production. The catalyst exhibited high activity and recyclability, enabling the production of biodiesel with high yield. The study demonstrates the feasibility of utilizing industrial solid waste for the green production of biodiesel.