Assessment of microvascular rarefaction in human brain disorders using physiological magnetic resonance imaging

Cerebral microvascular rarefaction, the reduction in number of functional or structural small blood vessels in the brain, is thought to play an important role in the early stages of microvascular related brain disorders. A better understanding of its underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, and methods to measure microvascular density in the human brain are needed to develop biomarkers for early diagnosis and to identify targets for disease modifying treatments. Therefore, we provide an overview of the assumed main pathophysiological processes underlying cerebral microvascular rarefaction and the evidence for rarefaction in several microvascular related brain disorders. A number of advanced physiological MRI techniques can be used to measure the pathological alterations associated with microvascular rarefaction. Although more research is needed to explore and validate these MRI techniques in microvascular rarefaction in brain disorders, they provide a set of promising future tools to assess various features relevant for rarefaction, such as cerebral blood flow and volume, vessel density and radius and blood-brain barrier leakage.

Automated summary

Cerebral microvascular rarefaction plays an important role in the early stages of microvascular related brain disorders. Research is needed to understand its underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and develop methods to measure microvascular density for early diagnosis and treatment targets. Advanced physiological MRI techniques provide promising future tools to assess pathological alterations associated with rarefaction.