Septic Failure After One-Stage Exchange for Prosthetic Joint Infection of the Hip: Microbiological Implications

Background: The microbiological implications of septic failure after 1-stage exchange for prosthetic joint infection (PJI) of the hip remain unclear. Methods: Information was gathered on comorbidities, previous procedures, preoperative and postoperative microbiology results, methods of detection, and antibiotic resistance patterns, for all patients, who developed septic failure after 1-stage exchange for PJI of the hip performed at our institution during 2001-2017. Results: Seventy-seven patients were identified. Septic failure was diagnosed a mean of 1.7 (standard deviation 2.3, range 0-11.8) years later. Although the spectrum of microorganisms was similar to preoperative, in the majority of patients (55%), the initial microorganism(s) was (were) replaced by (a) totally different microorganism(s). Overall, there was a decrease in the number of polymicrobial PJIs. The number of patients with high virulent microorganisms decreased significantly from 52 to 36 (P =.034). The number of PJIs due to gram-negative pathogens remained similar (11 vs 14, P = .491). The number of rifampicinresistant staphylococci, fluoroquinolone-resistant streptococci, enterococci, and fungi changed from 8 to 15, 0 to 2, 7 to 3, and 1 to 2, respectively, but these changes did not reach statistical significance. Conclusion: The majority of reinfections is caused by different infecting bacteria, hence it is essential to perform a new diagnostic workup and not base treatment decisions (solely) on historical cultures. We were furthermore unable to irrefutably prove that, from a microbiological point of view, septic failure after 1-stage exchange comes with increased challenges. Given the time interval to failure, we propose that a longer follow-up of these patients is needed, than previously suggested. (c) 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Automated summary

The microbiological implications of septic failure after 1-stage exchange for prosthetic joint infection (PJI) of the hip are unclear. This study found that the majority of reinfections are caused by different infecting bacteria, indicating the need for a new diagnostic workup. The number of polymicrobial PJIs and high virulent microorganisms decreased, suggesting potential changes in the microbiology of septic failure after 1-stage exchange.