Prenatal stress and offspring depression in adulthood: The mediating role of childhood trauma

Background: There is repeated evidence for a prenatal programming effect for the development of offspring depression. However, examination of environmental influences along this pathway is sparse. This study aimed to investigate the direct and indirect effects of pre- and postnatal stress on offspring depression in adulthood, via increased exposure to childhood trauma. Methods: A large longitudinal population-based cohort (N = 3506) was followed up from birth and assessed at 24 years. Diagnosis of depression was derived using the International Classification of Diseases-10th revision (ICD-10). Two separate sources of pre- and postnatal stress were examined - maternal depression and family adversity, and childhood trauma was assessed prospectively across childhood until 17 years. Results: Both pre- and postnatal maternal depression and family adversity were associated with offspring depression at 24 years in simple logistic regression models. When all pathways were modelled simultaneously, only childhood trauma was directly associated with offspring depression, and mediated all pathways from both sources of pre- and postnatal stress to offspring depression (7-16% of the total effect mediated). Sensitivity analysis on specific trauma found stronger evidence for a mediated pathway via physical, emotional abuse and peer bullying, compared to emotional neglect, sexual abuse and domestic violence. Conclusions: These findings indicate that reducing childhood trauma could be a target to decrease depression in the general population, and the focus should also be on families at high risk of experiencing pre- or postnatal stress, to provide them with better support.

Automated summary

The study found that both pre- and postnatal stress sources such as maternal depression and family adversity were associated with offspring depression. However, childhood trauma directly impacted offspring depression and mediated all pathways. Specific traumas like physical, emotional abuse and peer bullying had stronger evidence for mediating pathways compared to other traumas.