An Extended Least Squares Method for Aliasing-Resistant Vector Velocity Estimation

An extended least squares method for robust, angle-independent 2-D vector velocity estimation using plane-wave ultrasound imaging is presented. The method utilizes a combination of least squares regression of Doppler auto-correlation estimates and block matching to obtain aliasing-resistant vector velocity estimates. It is shown that the aliasing resistance of the technique may be predicted using a single parameter, which is dependent on the selected transmit and receive steering angles. This parameter can therefore be used to design the aliasing-resistant transmit-receive setups. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that careful design of the transmit-receive steering pattern is more effective than increasing the number of Doppler measurements to obtain robust vector velocity estimates, especially in the presence of higher order aliasing. The accuracy and robustness of the method are investigated using the realistic simulations of blood flow in the carotid artery bifurcation, with velocities up to five times the Nyquist limit. Normalized root-mean-square (rms) errors are used to assess the performance of the technique. At -5 dB channel data blood SNR, rms errors in the vertical and horizontal velocity components were approximately 5% and 15% of the maximum absolute velocity, respectively. Finally, the in vivo feasibility of the technique is shown by imaging the carotid arteries of healthy volunteers.