期刊
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GREENHOUSE GAS CONTROL
卷 112, 期 -, 页码 -出版社
ELSEVIER SCI LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijggc.2021.103476
关键词
CO2 vent; Offshore CCS; Leakage detection and quantification; Marine sediment; Proton flux
类别
资金
- European Union [654462]
- Max Planck Society
- Helmholtz Society
- US NSF [OCE-1657727]
The study used pH eddy covariance to detect and quantify controlled release of CO2 on the seafloor, finding that the emission was significantly higher than proton flux from natural mineralization, and highlighting the importance of considering carbonate system kinetics in emission estimation.
We detected a controlled release of CO2 (g) with pH eddy covariance. We quantified CO2 emission using measurements of water velocity and pH in the plume of aqueous CO2 generated by the bubble streams, and using model predictions of vertical CO2 dissolution and its dispersion downstream. CO2 (g) was injected 3 m below the floor of the North Sea at rates of 5.7-143 kg d(-1). Instruments were 2.6 m from the center of the bubble streams. In the absence of injected CO2, pH eddy covariance quantified the proton flux due to naturally-occurring benthic organic matter mineralization (equivalent to a dissolved inorganic carbon flux of 7.6 +/- 3.3 mmol m(-2) d(-1), s.e., n = 33). At the lowest injection rate, the proton flux due to CO2 dissolution was 20-fold greater than this. To accurately quantify emission, the kinetics of the carbonate system had to be accounted for. At the peak injection rate, 73 +/- 13% (s.d.) of the injected CO2 was emitted, but when kinetics were neglected, the calculated CO2 emission was one-fifth of this. Our results demonstrate that geochemical techniques can detect and quantify very small seafloor sources of CO2 and attribute them to natural or abiotic origins.
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