Functionalization and activation of carbon-based catalysts with KOH and calcium and their application in transesterification to produce biodiesel: Optimization of catalytic properties and kinetic study

This study reports the optimization of pyrolysis, functionalization and activation of heterogeneous catalysts obtained from the coconut endocarp and their application in transesterification to produce fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). A detailed analysis of the catalyst functionalization with potassium hydroxide and calcium nitrate was performed. Signal-to-noise ratio analysis was used to identify the best preparation conditions of coconut-based catalysts for maximizing FAME formation. Results showed that a thermal activation is fundamental to improve the properties of catalysts functionalized with both potassium hydroxide and calcium nitrate. The best catalyst was prepared via the pyrolysis of coconut endocarp at 600 degrees C for 1 h, functionalized with KOH and Ca (NO3)(2) and activated at 500 degrees C thus showing a FAME formation of 90.8%. Performance of this catalyst was competitive with respect to other catalysts reported in transesterification to obtain biodiesel. Carbon-based supports and catalysts were physicochemical characterized with X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy to explain and understand their performance in transesterification to obtain FAME. Results showed that this new catalyst can be employed as a low-cost alternative for the production of biodiesel.

Automated summary

This study optimized the pyrolysis, functionalization, and activation of coconut endocarp-based catalysts for transesterification to produce FAME. Results showed that thermal activation improved catalyst properties, leading to high FAME formation. Physicochemical characterization explained the performance of these catalysts, suggesting their potential as a low-cost alternative for biodiesel production.