Encapsulation of phenolic compounds within nano/microemulsion systems: A review

Phenolic compounds (phenolics) have received great attention in the food, pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries due to their health-promoting attributes. However, their extensive use is limited mainly due to their poor water dispersibility and instability under both processing conditions and/or gastrointestinal interactions, affecting their bioavailability/bioaccessibility. Therefore, different nanocarriers have been widely used to encapsulate phenolics and overcome the aforementioned challenges. To the best of our knowledge, besides many research studies, no comprehensive review on encapsulation of phenolics by microemulsions (MEs) and nanoemulsions (NEs) has been published so far. The present study was therefore attempted to review the loading of phenolics into MEs and NEs. In addition, the fundamental characteristics of the developed systems such as stability, encapsulation efficiency, cytotoxicity, bioavailability and releasing rate are also discussed. Both MEs and NEs are proved as appropriate vehicles to encapsulate and protect phenolics which may expand their applications in foods, supplements and pharmaceuticals.

Automated summary

Phenolic compounds have health-promoting attributes and are of great interest in the food, pharmaceutical, and nutraceutical industries. However, their limited use is mainly due to poor water dispersibility and instability, requiring encapsulation with nanocarriers. Both microemulsions and nanoemulsions have been proven as suitable vehicles for encapsulating and protecting phenolics, potentially expanding their applications in foods, supplements, and pharmaceuticals.