Cytosolic escape of mitochondrial DNA triggers cGAS-STING-NLRP3 axis-dependent nucleus pulposus cell pyroptosis

Low back pain (LBP) is a major musculoskeletal disorder and the socioeconomic problem with a high prevalence that mainly involves intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration, characterized by progressive nucleus pulposus (NP) cell death and the development of an inflammatory microenvironment in NP tissue. Excessively accumulated cytosolic DNA acts as a damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) that is monitored by the cGAS-STING axis to trigger the immune response in many degenerative diseases. NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent pyroptosis is a type of inflammatory programmed death that promotes a chronic inflammatory response and tissue degeneration. However, the relationship between the cGAS-STING axis and NLRP3 inflammasome-induced pyroptosis in the pathogenesis of IVD degeneration remains unclear. Here, we used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and histopathology to demonstrate that cGAS, STING, and NLRP3 are associated with the degree of IVD degeneration. Oxidative stress induced cGAS-STING axis activation and NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis in a STING-dependent manner in human NP cells. Interestingly, the canonical morphological and functional characteristics of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening with the cytosolic escape of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) were observed in human NP cells under oxidative stress. Furthermore, the administration of a specific pharmacological inhibitor of mPTP and self-mtDNA cytosolic leakage effectively reduced NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptotic NP cell death and microenvironmental inflammation in vitro and degenerative progression in a rat disc needle puncture model. Collectively, these data highlight the critical roles of the cGAS-STING-NLRP3 axis and pyroptosis in the progression of IVD degeneration and provide promising therapeutic approaches for discogenic LBP. Low back pain: Understanding disc degeneration yields possible therapeutic target An investigation of the mechanisms responsible for intervertebral disc degeneration (IVD) reveals a potential treatment to limit the progression of low back pain. IVD involves widespread inflammation and cell death inside discs, but exactly how the condition progresses is unclear. Cao Yang, Kun Wang and co-workers at Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China, investigated IVD in patient samples and rat models. Oxidative stress triggered leakage of mitochondrial DNA into cellular fluid in cells in the center of discs. This activated an immune response pathway and prompted the release of inflammatory cytokines. The degree of activation of this pathway is directly linked to IVD severity, providing a potential method of monitoring the condition. Administering a drug to rats to block mitochondrial DNA leakage slowed IVD progression.

Automated summary

Investigating the mechanisms of intervertebral disc degeneration (IVD) has revealed a potential treatment for limiting the progression of low back pain. IVD involves widespread inflammation and cell death within the discs, but the exact progression of the condition is unclear. Researchers in China have found that oxidative stress triggers the leakage of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) into the cellular fluid, which activates an immune response pathway and leads to the release of inflammatory cytokines. The activation of this pathway is directly linked to the severity of IVD, allowing for potential monitoring of the condition. Administering a drug to block mtDNA leakage in rats has been shown to slow the progression of IVD.