4.7 Article

Impacts of air pollution on COVID-19 case fatality rate: a global analysis

期刊

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH
卷 29, 期 18, 页码 27496-27509

出版社

SPRINGER HEIDELBERG
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18442-x

关键词

COVID-19; Case fatality rate; Air pollution; Spatial variability

资金

  1. JSPS KAKENHI [JP20H00648]
  2. Environment Research and Technology Development Fund of the Environmental Restoration and Conservation Agency of Japan [JPMEERF20201001]
  3. JST SPRING [JPMJSP2136]

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This study explores the relationship between long-term average air pollution concentration and the city-level case fatality rate (CFR) of COVID-19 globally. The results show that air pollution factors are positively associated with the city-level COVID-19 CFR, and the effects of air pollution on health vary spatially among cities. Long-term exposure to air pollution is negatively related to the COVID-19 health outcome, and the relationship is spatially non-stationary.
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is still rapidly spreading globally. To probe high-risk cities and the impacts of air pollution on public health, this study explores the relationship between the long-term average concentration of air pollution and the city-level case fatality rate (CFR) of COVID-19 globally. Then, geographically weighted regression (GWR) is applied to examine the spatial variability of the relationships. Six air pollution factors, including nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), ozone (O-3), PM2.5 (particles with diameter <= 2.5 mu m), PM10 (particles with diameter <= 10 mu m), and air quality index (AQI), are positively associated with the city-level COVID-19 CFR. Our results indicate that a 1-unit increase in NO2 (part per billion, PPB), SO2 (PPB), O-3 (PPB), PM2.5 (microgram per cubic meter, mu g/m(3)), PM10 (mu g/m(3)), AQI (score), is related to a 1.450%, 1.005%, 0.992%, 0.860%, 0.568%, and 0.776% increase in the city-level COVID-19 CFR, respectively. Additionally, the effects of NO2, O-3, PM2.5, AQI, and probability of living with poor AQI on COVID-19 spatially vary in view of the estimation of the GWR. In other words, the adverse impacts of air pollution on health are different among the cities. In summary, long-term exposure to air pollution is negatively related to the COVID-19 health outcome, and the relationship is spatially non-stationary. Our research sheds light on the impacts of slashing air pollution on public health in the COVID-19 pandemic to help governments formulate air pollution policies in light of the local situations.

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