Plasmonic Gold Nanoparticles Stain Hydrogels for the Portable and High-Throughput Monitoring of Mercury Ions

The hybrid of L-cysteine and agarose can reduce HAuCl4 and support the rapid growth of plasmonic gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) in the hydrogel phase. The L-cysteine-doped agarose hydrogel (C-AGH) not only offers the substrate the capacity to reduce Au(III) ions but also stabilizes and precisely modulates the in situ grown Au NPs with high repeatability, easy operation, and anti-interference performance. Herein, before the incubation of HAuCl4, the improved hydrogel is preincubated in the aqueous solution containing mercury ions, and the cysteine can specifically conjugate with mercury via the thiol groups. Subsequently, the responsive allochroic bands from dark blue to red can be identified in the solid hydrogel after the incubation of HAuCl4, which is attributed to the formation of regulated Au-Hg nanoamalgams. As a proof-of-concept, toxic Hg2+ ions are exploited as targets for constructing novel sensing assays based on the improved C-AGH protocol. Based on naked-eye recognition, Hg2+ could be rapidly and simply measured. Additionally, the high-throughput and trace analysis with a low limit of detection (3.7 nM) is performed using a microplate reader. On the basis of the filtering technique and remodeling of hydrogels, C-AGH working as the filtering membrane can even achieve the integration of enrichment and measurement with enhanced sensitivity. Significantly, the strategy of using an allochroic hydrogel with the staining of Au NPs can promote the rapid and primary assessment of water quality in environmental analysis.

Automated summary

The hybrid of L-cysteine and agarose can support the rapid growth of plasmonic gold nanoparticles in a hydrogel, offering easy operation and anti-interference performance. By preincubating the improved hydrogel in a solution containing mercury ions, specific conjugation with mercury allows for rapid and simple measurement of Hg2+ ions, as well as high-throughput and trace analysis with a low detection limit. This strategy can promote the rapid and primary assessment of water quality in environmental analysis.