期刊
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
卷 201, 期 -, 页码 -出版社
ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE
DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111558
关键词
metals; neurotoxicity; sex-specific; neurotoxic effects; sexual dimorphism; brain
资金
- CDC-ATSDR [R01TS000285]
- NIEHS [R01 ES029971, F31ES030973-01A1, T32ES007322, ES009089]
- Provost's Grant
The heavy metals lead, mercury, cadmium, manganese, and arsenic can have gender-specific neurotoxic effects, including cognitive and motor impairments. Males and females may respond differently to exposure to these metals and show variations in their susceptibility and vulnerabilities. The mechanisms behind gender-specific differential susceptibility to heavy metal neurotoxicity involve hormonal, genetic, metabolic, anatomical, neurochemical, and epigenetic factors.
The heavy metals lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), and cadmium (Cd) are ubiquitous environmental pollutants and are known to exert severe adverse impacts on the nervous system even at low concentrations. In contrast, the heavy metal manganese (Mn) is first and foremost an essential nutrient, but it becomes neurotoxic at high levels. Neurotoxic metals also include the less prevalent metalloid arsenic (As) which is found in excessive concentrations in drinking water and food sources in many regions of the world. Males and females often differ in how they respond to environmental exposures and adverse effects on their nervous systems are no exception. Here, we review the different types of sex-specific neurotoxic effects, such as cognitive and motor impairments, that have been attributed to Pb, Hg, Mn, Cd, and As exposure throughout the life course in epidemiological as well as in experimental toxicological studies. We also discuss differential vulnerability to these metals such as distinctions in behaviors and occupations across the sexes. Finally, we explore the different mechanisms hypothesized to account for sex-based differential susceptibility including hormonal, genetic, metabolic, anatomical, neurochemical, and epigenetic perturbations. An understanding of the sex-specific effects of environmental heavy metal neurotoxicity can aid in the development of more efficient systematic approaches in risk assessment and better exposure mitigation strategies with regard to sex-linked susceptibilities and vulnerabilities.
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